]> Open Source WAP and SMS gateway Andreas Fink Chairman & CTO Global Networks Inc.

andreas@fink.org http://www.smsrelay.com http://www.gni.ch

Bruno Rodrigues

bruno.rodrigues@litux.org http://litux.org/bruno

Stipe Tolj Chief Technology Scientist Wapme Systems AG

stolj@wapme.de http://www.wapme.de

Aarno Syvänen Chief MMS Developer Global Networks Inc.

as@gni.ch http://www.gni.ch

Alexander Malysh

amalysh at kannel.org

Lars Wirzenius Gateway architect former Wapit Ltd Kalle Marjola Senior Software Engineer Enpocket

marjola@enpocket.com http://www.enpocket.com

This document describes how to install and use Kannel, the Open Source WAP and SMS Gateway originally developed by Wapit Ltd (now out of business) and now being developed further by the open source community, namely the Kannel Group. &version; ×tamp; This chapter introduces WAP and SMS in general terms, and explains the role of the gateway in WAP and SMS, outlining their duties and features. It also explains why the Kannel project was started in the first place, and why it is open source. With hundreds of millions of mobile phones in use all over the world, the market for services targeted at mobile users is mind-bogglingly immense. Even simple services find plenty of users, as long as they're useful or fun. Being able to get news, send e-mail or just be entertained wherever you are is extremely attractive to many. The hottest technology for implementing mobile services is WAP, short for Wireless Application Protocol. It lets the phone act as a simple web browser, but optimizes the markup language, scripting language, and the transmission protocols for wireless use. The optimized protocols are translated to plain old HTTP by a WAP gateway. Kannel is an open source WAP gateway. It attempts to provide this essential part of the WAP infrastructure freely to everyone so that the market potential for WAP services, both from wireless operators and specialized service providers, will be realized as efficiently as possible. Kannel also works as an SMS gateway for GSM networks. Almost all GSM phones can send and receive SMS messages, so this is a way to serve many more clients than just those using a new WAP phone. In addition, Kannel operates as Push Proxy Gateway , or PPG, making possible for content servers to send data to the phones. This is a new type of WAP service, and have many interesting applications. Usually servers know whether some data is new, not the users. Kannel's quality has been recognized on March 7, 2001 when it was certified by Wap Forum as the first WAP 1.1 gateway in the world. Greater quality recognition are the quantity of companies using Kannel to successful connect to a variety of SMSC protocols in lots of countries. Open Source is a way to formalize the principle of openness by placing the source code of a product under a Open Source compliant software license. The BSD license was chosen over other Open Source licenses by the merit of placing the least amount of limitations on what a third party is able to do with the source code. In practice this means that Kannel is going to be a fully-featured WAP implementation and compatible with the maximum number of bearers with special emphasis on SMSC compatibility. The Kannel project was founded by Wapit Ltd in June, 1999. WAP, short for Wireless Application Protocol, is a collection of various languages and tools and an infrastructure for implementing services for mobile phones. Traditionally such services have worked via normal phone calls or short textual messages (e.g., SMS messages in GSM networks). Neither are very efficient to use, nor very user friendly. WAP makes it possible to implement services similar to the World Wide Web. Unlike marketers claim, WAP does not bring the existing content of the Internet directly to the phone. There are too many technical and other problems for this to ever work properly. The main problem is that Internet content is mainly in the form of HTML pages, and they are written in such way that they require fast connections, fast processors, large memories, big screens, audio output and often also fairly efficient input mechanisms. That's OK, since they hopefully work better for traditional computers and networks that way. However, portable phones have very slow processors, very little memory, abysmal and intermittent bandwidth, and extremely awkward input mechanisms. Most existing HTML pages do not work on mobiles phones, and never will. WAP defines a completely new markup language, the Wireless Markup Language (WML), which is simpler and much more strictly defined than HTML. It also defines a scripting language, WMLScript, which all browsers are required to support. To make things even simpler for the phones, it even defines its own bitmap format (Wireless Bitmap, or WBMP). HTTP is also too inefficient for wireless use. However, by using a semantically similar binary and compressed format it is possible to reduce the protocol overhead to a few bytes per request, instead of the usual hundreds of bytes. Thus, WAP defines a new protocol stack to be used. However, to make things simpler also for the people actually implementing the services, WAP introduces a gateway between the phones and the servers providing content to the phones.

The WAP gateway talks to the phone using the WAP protocol stack, and translates the requests it receives to normal HTTP. Thus content providers can use any HTTP servers and utilize existing know-how about HTTP service implementation and administration. In addition to protocol translations, the gateway also compresses the WML pages into a more compact form, to save on-the-air bandwidth and to further reduce the phone's processing requirements. It also compiles WMLScript programs into a byte-code format. Latest WAP specifications defines some additional conversions that Kannel is starting to implement, like multipart/form-data, multipart/mixed or MMS content conversion. Kannel is not just a WAP gateway. It also works as an SMS gateway. Although WAP is the hot and technically superior technology, SMS phones exist in huge numbers and SMS services are thus quite useful. Therefore, Kannel functions simultaneously as both a WAP and an SMS gateway. Previous chapter explained pull mode of operation: the phone initiates the transaction. There is, however, situations when the server (called in this context a push initiator) should be the initiator, for instance, when it must send a mail notification or a stock quote. For this purpose WAP Forum defined WAP Push. Push is an application level service, sitting on the top of existing WAP stack. It defines two protocols, OTA and PAP. OTA is a ligthweigth protocol speaking with WAP stack (to be more specific, with WSP), PAP speaks with the push initiator. It defines three kind of XML documents, one for the push data itself and another for protocol purposes (these are called pap document or push control documents). The server does not simply send push content to the phone, the user would surely not accept, for instance, interrupting of a voice call. Instead it sends a specific XML document, either Service Indication or Service Loading. These inform the user about the content become available, and it is displayed only when it is not interrupting anything. It contains an URL specifying the service and a text for user describing the content. Then the user can decide does he accept push or not. The push content is send ed to the phones over SMS, but the content is fetched by the phone over IP bearer, for instance CSD or GPRS. Because Push Proxy Gateway tokenises SI and SL documents, it may fit one SMS message (if not, it is segmented for transfer). Using two bearers seems to be an unnecessary complication. But quite simply, phones currently operate this way. Push over GPRS can only simplify matters. SMS, short messaging service, is a way to send short (160 character) messages from one GSM phone to another. It can also be used to send regular text as well as advanced content like operator logos, ringing tones, business cards and phone configurations. SMS services are content services initiated by SMS message to certain (usually short) phone number, which then answers with requested content, if available. When SMS services are used, the client (mobile terminal) sends an SMS message to certain number, usually a very short specialized number, which points to specific SMS center responsible for that number (plus possibly many others). This SMS center then sends the message onward to specified receiver in intra- or Internet, using an SMS center specific protocol. For example, a Nokia SMS center uses CIMD protocol. As practically every different kind of SMS center uses different protocol, an SMS gateway is used to handle connections with SMS centers and to relay them onward in an unified form. Kannel's biggest feature is to abstract each SMSC protocol to a well-known HTTP protocol, simplifying services deployment.

An SMS gateway can also be used to relay SMS messages from one GSM network to another, if the networks do not roam messages normally. Kannel works as an SMS gateway, talking with many different kind of SMS centers, and relaying the messages onward to content providers, as HTTP queries. Content providers then answer to this HTTP query and the answer is sent back to mobile terminal, with appropriate SMS center connection using SMS center specific protocol. In addition to serving mobile originated (MO) SMS messages Kannel also works as an SMS push gateway - content providers can request Kannel to send SMS messages to terminals. Kannel then determines the correct SMS center to relay the SMS message and sends the SMS message to that SMS center, again using SMS center specific protocol. This way the content provider does not need to know any SMS center specific protocol, just unified Kannel SMS sending interface. Fully compliant with WAP 1.1 specification Already implements some WAP 1.2 and even WAP 2.0 features. Supports WAP Push SI and SL ... Supports a variety of SMSC protocols, namely: CMG's UCP/EMI 4.0 and 3.5 ... Full support for MO and MT messages Kannel is being developed on Linux systems, and should be fairly easy to export to other Unix-like systems. However, we don't yet support other platforms, due to lack of time, although it should be working without major problems on Windows (through Cygwin), Solaris and FreeBSD. Kannel requires the following software environment: C compiler and libraries for ANSI C, with normal Unix extensions such as BSD sockets and related tools. (GNU's GCC tool-chain is recommended) The Gnome XML library (known as gnome-xml and libxml), version 2.2.5 or newer. See http://xmlsoft.org/xml.html. If you are installing it from your distribution's packages, you'll need libxml2-dev in addition to run-time libxml2 package libraries. GNU Make. An implementation of POSIX threads (pthread.h). GNU Bison 1.28, if you want to modify the WMLScript compiler (a pre-generated parser is included for those who just want to compile Kannel). DocBook processing tools: DocBook style-sheets, jade, jadetex, etc; see README, section `Documentation', for more information (pre-formatted versions of the documentation are available, and you can compile Kannel itself even without the documentation tools). GNU autoconf, if you want to modify the configuration script. Hardware requirements are fluffier. Some informal benchmarkings have shown that with a reasonably fast PC architecture (e.g. 400MHz Pentium II with 128MB RAM), SMS performance's bottleneck is always on the SMSC side, even for example with multiple connections summing a pipeline with 400 msg/sec. We haven't benchmarked Kannel yet on WAP side, so there are no hard numbers. This chapter explains how the gateway can be installed, either from a source code package or by using a pre-compiled binary version. The goal of this chapter is to get the gateway compiled and all the files in the correct places; the next chapter will explain how the gateway is configured. If you are upgrading from a previous version, please look at for any important information. The source code to Kannel is available for download at http://www.kannel.org/download.shtml. It is available in various formats and you can choose to download either the latest release version or the daily snapshot of the development source tree for the next release version, depending on whether you want to use Kannel for production use or to participate in the development. If you're serious about development, you probably want to use CVS, the version control system used by the Kannel project. This allows you to participate in Kannel development much more easily than by downloading the current daily snapshot and integrating any changes you've made every day. CVS does that for you. (See the Kannel web site for more information on how to use CVS.) The documentation for Kannel consists of three parts: User's Guide, i.e., the one you're reading at the moment. Architecture and Design, in doc/arch or at http://www.kannel.org/arch.shtml The README and various other text files in the source tree. You can also find general information on Kannel's website and information about existing problems at our bugtracker. We intend to cover everything you need to install and use Kannel is in User's Guide, but the guide is still incomplete in this respect. Similarly, the Architecture and Design document should tell you everything you need to know to dive into the sources and quickly make your own modifications. It's not a replacement for actually reading the source code, but it should work as a map to the source code. The README is not supposed to be very important, nor contain much information. Instead, it will just point at the other documentation. If you are using Kannel on a supported platform, or one that is similar enough to one, compiling Kannel should be trivial. After you have unpacked the source package of your choose, or after you have checked out the source code from CVS, enter the following commands: ./configure make The configure script investigates various things on your computer for the Kannel compilation needs, and writes out the Makefile used to compile Kannel. make then runs the commands to actually compile Kannel. If either command writes out an error message and stops before it finishes its job, you have a problem, and you either need to fix it yourself, if you can, or report the problem to the Kannel project. See for details. For detailed instruction on using the configuration script, see file INSTALL. That file is a generic documentation for configure. Kannel defines a few additional options: --with-defaults=type Set defaults for the other options. type is either speed or debug. The default is speed. speed options is equivalent to --with-malloc=native --disable-assertions, while debug is --with-malloc=checking --enable-assertions. --disable-docs (default is --enable-docs) Use this option if you don't have DocBook installed and/or you want to save some time and CPU cycles. Pre-generated documentation is available on Kannel's site. Default behavior is to build documentation, b.e., converting the User Guide and the Architecture Guide from the DocBook markup language to PostScript and HTML if DocBook is available. --enable-drafts (default is --disable-drafts) When building documentation, include the sections marked as draft. --enable-debug (default is --disable-debug) Enable non-reentrant development time debugging of WMLScript compiler. --disable-localtime (default is --enable-localtime) Write log file time stamps in GMT, not in local time. --enable-assertions / --disable-assertions Turn on or off runtime assertion checking. enable makes Kannel faster, but gives less information if it crashes. Default value is dependent on --with-defaults. --with-malloc=type Select memory allocation module to use: type is native, checking, or slow. For production use you probably want native. The slow module is more thorough than checking, but much slower. Default value is dependent on --with-defaults. --enable-mutex-stats Produce information about lock contention. --enable-start-stop-daemon Compile the start-stop-daemon program. --enable-pam Enable using PAM for authentication of sendsms users for smsbox. --with-mysql Enable using MySQL libraries for DBPool and DLR support. --with-mysql-dir=DIR Where to look for MySQL libs and header files. DIR points to the installation of MySQL. --with-sdb Enable using LibSDB libraries for dlr support. --with-oracle Enable using Oracle OCI-Libraries for Oracle 8i/9i DBPool and DLR support. --with-oracle-includes=DIR Where to look for Oracle OCI-Header files. --with-oracle-libs=DIR Where to look for Oracle OCI-Library files. You may need to add compilations flags to configure: CFLAGS='-pthread' ./configure The above, for instance, seems to be required on FreeBSD. If you want to develop Kannel, you probably want to add CFLAGS that make your compiler use warning messages. For example, for GCC: CFLAGS='-Wall -O2 -g' ./configure (You may, at your preference, use even stricter checking options.) After you have compiled Kannel, you need to install certain programs in a suitable place. This is most easily done by using make again: make bindir=/path/to/directory install Replace /path/to/directory with the pathname of the actual directory where the programs should be installed. The programs that are installed are (as filenames from the root of the source directory): gw/bearerbox gw/smsbox gw/wapbox The version number of the gateway is added to the file names during installation. This makes it easier to have several versions installed, and makes it easy to go back to an older version if the new version proves problematic. Kannel consists of three programs called boxes: the bearer box is the interface towards the phones. It accepts WAP and SMS messages from the phones and sends them to the other boxes. The SMS box handles SMS gateway functionality, and the WAP box handles WAP gateway functionality. There can be several SMS boxes and several WAP boxes running and they don't have to run on the same host. This makes it possible to handle much larger loads. This chapter explains how to install, upgrade and remove Kannel binary RPM packages. Before you install Kannel, check that you have libxml2 installed on your system: rpm -q libxml2 Installing Kannel 1. Download the binary RPM packet from the Kannel web site. 2. Install the RPM package: rpm -ivh kannel-VERSION.i386.rpm Upgrading Kannel 1. Download the binary RPM packet from the Kannel web site. 2. Upgrade the RPM package: rpm -Uvh kannel-VERSION.i386.rpm Removing Kannel 1. Remove the RPM package: rpm -e kannel After you have installed Kannel from the RPM packages you should now be able to run the Kannel init.d script that will start Kannel as a WAP gateway. Run the script as root. /etc/rc.d/init.d/kannel start To stop the gateway just run the same script with the stop parameter. /etc/rc.d/init.d/kannel stop If Kannel is already running and you just want to quickly stop and start the gateway,e.g.to set a new configuration option, run the script with the restart parameter. /etc/rc.d/init.d/kannel restart If you want Kannel to run as a daemon, you need to add a symbolic link to the Kannel script from the runlevel you want Kannel to run in. E.g. to run Kannel in runlevel 5 add symbolic links to /etc/rc.d/rc5.d/. cd /etc/rc.d/rc5.d/ ln -s ../init.d/kannel S91kannel ln -s ../init.d/kannel K91kannel To run Kannel as a SMS gateway you need to edit the configuration file which is at /etc/kannel/kannel.conf. In kannel's documentation directory (/usr/share/doc/kannel) there is an example file called examples/smskannel.conf. It has some basic examples of the configuration groups needed to run Kannel as a SMS gateway. For more detailed information please see examples/kannel.conf in the same directory for a commented complete example, and read the section "SMS gateway configuration" later in this same document. The logging is disabled by default and you can enable it from the kannel.conf file. Just add the log-file option to the group of which box you want to log. The documentation will be installed at /usr/doc/kannel-VERSION/ or /usr/share/doc/kannel-VERSION/ depending on if you used the RedHat 6.x or a 7.x or newer package. In the Kannel documentation directory there is a HTML file called control.html. It is an example file that shows how to use the Kannel HTTP administration interface. It also has a template for sending SMS messages. This chapter explains how to install, upgrade and remove Kannel binary DEB packages. Kannel's packages are available on main Debian repository (http://packages.debian.org/kannel) although that version may be out-of-sync with latest Kannel version. Before you install Kannel, check that you have libxml2 installed on your system: dpkg -l libxml2 Installing or upgrading Kannel from Debian or Kannel repository 1. Install or upgrade the package: apt-get install kannel See http://kannel.org/download.shtml#debian_repository for informations about kannel repository sources.list Installing or upgrading Kannel from a file 1. Download the binary DEB packet from the Kannel web site. 2. Log in as root: su - 3. Install or upgrade the DEB package: dpkg -i kannel-VERSION.deb Removing Kannel 1. Log in as root: 2. Remove the package keeping configuration files: dpkg --remove kannel 3. Remove the package completely: dpkg --purge kannel After you have installed Kannel from the DEB packages you should now be able to run the Kannel init.d script that will start Kannel as a WAP gateway. Run the script as root. /etc/init.d/kannel start To stop the gateway just run the same script with the stop parameter. /etc/init.d/kannel stop If Kannel is already running and you just want to quickly stop and start the gateway,e.g.to set a new configuration option, run the script with the restart parameter. /etc/init.d/kannel restart If you don't want Kannel to run as a daemon, run: update-rc.d -f kannel remove If you want to restore Kannel running as a daemon, you need to add a symbolic link to the Kannel script from the runlevel you want Kannel to run in. E.g. to run Kannel in default runlevel, just run: update-rc.d kannel defaults Kannel package starts by default with a wapbox daemon. To activate smsbox or select which box you want to start, edit /etc/default/kannel and comment/uncomment START_xxxBOX. To run Kannel as a SMS gateway you need to edit the configuration file which is at /etc/kannel/kannel.conf. In /usr/share/docs/kannel/examples/ there are example files. They have some basic examples of the configuration groups needed to run Kannel as a SMS gateway. For more detailed information please read the section "SMS gateway configuration" later in this same document. The documentation will be installed at /usr/share/doc/kannel/. In the Kannel documentation directory there is a html file called control.html. It is an example file that shows how to use the Kannel HTTP administration interface. It also has a template for sending SMS messages. Additionally to kannel-VERSION.deb, there's now an optional kannel-docs-VERSION.deb with documentation (userguide et al) and a kannel-extras-VERSION.deb with contrib and test stuff. If you want to test development version, use the packages called kannel-devel-*.deb. This chapter explains how the gateway core, bearerbox, is configured and used. It covers the configuration file, keeping an eye on the gateway while it is running, and using the HTTP interface to control the gateway. After this chapter there is distinct chapter for each kind of gateway use: WAP gateway, SMS gateway and WAP Push proxy. These chapters explain the configuration and other aspects of gateway of that type. You can configure your Kannel to be only a WAP or a SMS gateway, or to be both at the same time. You just need to read each chapter and combine all configurations. There is only one configuration file for all parts of Kannel, although when Kannel is distributed to several hosts some lines from the configuration file can be removed in some hosts. The configuration file can be divided into three parts: bearerbox configurations, smsbox configurations and wapbox configurations. Bearerbox part has one 'core' group and any used SMS center groups, while wapbox part has only one wapbox group. In smsbox part there is one smsbox group and then number of sms-service and sendsms-user groups. Details of each part are in an appropriate section of this documentation. The 'core' group used by the bearerbox is explained in this chapter, while 'wapbox' part is in the next chapter and 'smsbox', 'smsc' (SMS center), 'sms-service' and 'sendsms-user' groups are in the SMS Kannel chapter. A configuration file consists of groups of configuration variables. Groups are separated by empty lines, and each variable is defined on its own line. Each group in Kannel configuration is distinguished with a group variable. Comments are lines that begin with a number sign (#) and are ignored (they don't, for example, separate groups of variables). A variable definition line has the name of the variable, and equals sign (=) and the value of the variable. The name of the variable can contain any characters except whitespace and equals. The value of the variable is a string, with or without quotation marks () around it. Quotation marks are needed if the variable needs to begin or end with whitespace or contain special characters. Normal C escape character syntax works inside quotation marks. Perhaps an example will make things easier to comprehend: 1 # A do-nothing service. 2 group = sms-service 3 keyword = nop 4 text = "You asked nothing and I did it!" 5 6 # Default service. 7 group = sms-service 8 keyword = default 9 text = "No services defined" The above snippet defines the keyword nop for an SMS service, and a default action for situation when the keyword in the SMS message does not match any defined service. Lines 1 and 6 are comment lines. Line 5 separates the two groups. The remaining lines define variables. The group type is defined by the group variable value. The various variables that are understood in each type of configuration group are explained below. Some variable values are marked as 'bool'. The value for variable can be like true, false, yes, no, on, off, 0 or 1. Other values are treated as 'true' while if the variable is not present at all, it is treated as being 'false'. In order to make some configuration lines more readable you may use the delimiter '\' at the end of a line to wrap and concatenate the next line up to the current line. Here is an example: 1 # A group with a wrapped alias line 2 group = sms-service 3 keyword = hello 4 aliases = hallo;haalloo;\ 5 heelloo;haelloo;healloo 5 text = "Hello world!" The above example shows how a list for various alias keywords is wrapped to two lines using the line wrap delimiter. In order to use the delimiter '\' itself, you need to escape it via a prefixed '\' itself. So this is '\\' to escape the wrapping function and use the character in the string. A configuration file may contain a special directive called include to include other file or a directory with files to the configuration processing. This allows to segment the specific configuration groups required for several services and boxes to different files and hence to have more control in larger setups. Here is an example that illustrates the include statement : group = core admin-port = 13000 wapbox-port = 13002 admin-password = bar wdp-interface-name = "*" log-file = "/var/log/bearerbox.log" log-level = 1 box-deny-ip = "*.*.*.*" box-allow-ip = "127.0.0.1" include = "wapbox.conf" include = "configurations" Above is the main kannel.conf configuration file that includes the following wapbox.conf file with all required directives for the specific box, and a configurations directory which may include more files to include. group = wapbox bearerbox-host = localhost log-file = "/var/log/wapbox.log" log-level = 0 syslog-level = none The above include statement may be defined at any point in the configuration file and at any inclusion depth. Hence you can cascade numerous inclusions if necessary. At process start time inclusion of configuration files breaks if either the included file can not be opened and processed or the included file has been processed already in the stack and a recursive cycling has been detected. Configuration for Kannel MUST always include a group for general bearerbox configuration. This group is named as 'core' in configuration file, and should be the first group in the configuration file. As its simplest form, 'core' group looks like this: group = core admin-port = 13000 admin-password = f00bar Naturally this is not sufficient for any real use, as you want to use Kannel as an SMS gateway, or WAP gateway, or both. Thus, one or more of the optional configuration variables are used. In following list (as in any other similar lists), all mandatory variables are marked with (m), while conditionally mandatory (variables which must be set in certain cases) are marked with (c). Variable Value Description group (m) core This is a mandatory variable admin-port (m) port-number The port number in which the bearerbox listens to HTTP administration commands. It is NOT the same as the HTTP port of the local HTTP server, just invent any port, but it must be over 1023 unless you are running Kannel as a root process (not recommended) admin-port-ssl (o) bool If set to true a SSL-enabled administration HTTP server will be used instead of the default insecure plain HTTP server. To access the administration pages you will have to use a HTTP client that is capable of talking to such a server. Use the "https://" scheme to access the secured HTTP server. Defaults to "no". admin-password (m) string Password for HTTP administration commands (see below) status-password string Password to request Kannel status. If not set, no password is required, and if set, either this or admin-password can be used admin-deny-ip IP-list These lists can be used to prevent connection from given IP addresses. Each list can have several addresses, separated with semicolons (';'). An asterisk ('*') can be used as a wild-card in a place of any ONE number, so *.*.*.* matches any IP. admin-allow-ipsmsbox-port (c) port-number This is the port number to which the smsboxes, if any, connect. As with admin-port, this can be anything you want. Must be set if you want to handle any SMS traffic. smsbox-port-ssl (o) bool If set to true, the smsbox connection module will be SSL-enabled. Your smsboxes will have to connect using SSL to the bearerbox then. This is used to secure communication between bearerbox and smsboxes in case they are in separate networks operated and the TCP communication is not secured on a lower network layer. Defaults to "no". wapbox-port (c) port-number Like smsbox-port, but for wapbox-connections. If not set, Kannel cannot handle WAP traffic wapbox-port-ssl (o) bool If set to true, the wapbox connection module will be SSL-enabled. Your wapboxes will have to connect using SSL to the bearerbox then. This is used to secure communication between bearerbox and wapboxes in case they are in separate networks operated and the TCP communication is not secured on a lower network layer. Defaults to "no". box-deny-ip IP-list These lists can be used to prevent box connections from given IP addresses. Each list can have several addresses, separated with semicolons (';'). An asterisk ('*') can be used as a wild-card in place of any ONE number, so *.*.*.* matches any IP. box-allow-ipudp-deny-ip IP-list These lists can be used to prevent UDP packets from given IP addresses, thus preventing unwanted use of the WAP gateway. Used the same way as box-deny-ip and box-allow-ip. udp-allow-ipwdp-interface-name (c) IP or '*' If this is set, Kannel listens to WAP UDP packets incoming to ports 9200-9208, bound to given IP. If no specific IP is needed, use just an asterisk ('*'). If UDP messages are listened to, wapbox-port variable MUST be set. log-file filename A file in which to write a log. This in addition to stdout and any log file defined in command line. Log-file in 'core' group is only used by the bearerbox. log-level number 0..5 Minimum level of log-file events logged. 0 is for 'debug', 1 'info', 2 'warning, 3 'error' and 4 'panic' (see Command Line Options) access-log filename A file in which information about received/sent SMS messages is stored. Access-log in 'core' group is only used by the bearerbox. access-log-clean boolean Indicates if access-log will contain standard 'markers', which means the 'Log begins', 'Log ends' markers and the prefixed timestamp. This config directive should be set to 'true' if a custom logging format is desired without a prefixed default timestamp. access-log-format string String defining a custom log file line format. May use escape codes as defined later on to substitute values of the messages into the log entry. If no custom log format is used the standard format will be: "%t %l [SMSC:%i] [SVC:%n] [ACT:%A] [BINF:%B] [from:%p] [to:%P] [flags:%m:%c:%M:%C:%d] [msg:%L:%b] [udh:%U:%u]" unified-prefix prefix-list String to unify received phone numbers, for SMSC routing and to ensure that SMS centers can handle them properly. This is applied to 'sender' number when receiving SMS messages from SMS Center and for 'receiver' number when receiving messages from smsbox (either sendsms message or reply to original message). Format is that first comes the unified prefix, then all prefixes which are replaced by the unified prefix, separated with comma (','). For example, for Finland an unified-prefix "+358,00358,0;+,00" should do the trick. If there are several unified prefixes, separate their rules with semicolon (';'), like "+35850,050;+35840,040". Note that prefix routing is next to useless now that there are SMSC ID entries. To remove prefixes, use like "-,+35850,050;-,+35840,040". white-list URL Load a list of accepted senders of SMS messages. If a sender of an SMS message is not in this list, any message received from the SMS Center is discarded. See notes of phone number format from numhash.h header file. NOTE: the system has only a precision of last 9 or 18 digits of phone numbers, so beware! black-list URL As white-list, but SMS messages to these numbers are automatically discarded store-file filename A file in which any received SMS messages are stored until they are successfully handled. By using this variable, no SMS messages are lost in Kannel, but theoretically some messages can duplicate when system is taken down violently. store-dump-freq seconds Approximated frequency how often the memory dump of current pending messages are stored to store-file, providing something has happened. Defaults to 10 seconds if not set. http-proxy-host hostname Enable the use of an HTTP proxy for all HTTP requests. http-proxy-port port-numberhttp-proxy-exceptions URL-list A list of excluded hosts from being used via a proxy. Separate each entry with space. http-proxy-exceptions-regex UNIX regular expression Same as http-proxy-exceptions but match against UNIX regular expression. http-proxy-username username Username for authenticating proxy use, for proxies that require this. http-proxy-password URL-list Password for authenticating proxy use, for proxies that require this. ssl-client-certkey-file (c) filename A PEM encoded SSL certificate and private key file to be used with SSL client connections. This certificate is used for the HTTPS client side only, i.e. for SMS service requests to SSL-enabled HTTP servers. ssl-server-cert-file (c) filename A PEM encoded SSL certificate file to be used with SSL server connections. This certificate is used for the HTTPS server side only, i.e. for the administration HTTP server and the HTTP interface to send SMS messages. ssl-server-key-file (c) filename A PEM encoded SSL private key file to be used with SSL server connections. This key is associated to the specified certificate and is used for the HTTPS server side only. ssl-trusted-ca-file filename This file contains the certificates Kannel is willing to trust when working as a HTTPS client. If this option is not set, certificates are not validated and those the identity of the server is not proven. dlr-storage type Defines the way DLRs are stored. If you have build-in external DLR storage support, i.e. using MySQL you may define here the alternative storage type like 'mysql'. Supported types are: internal, mysql, oracle. By default this is set to 'internal'. maximum-queue-length number of messages (deprecated, see sms-incoming-queue-limit). sms-incoming-queue-limit number of messages Set maximum size of incoming message queue. After number of messages has hit this value, Kannel began to discard them. Value 0 means giving strict priority to outgoing messages. -1, default, means that the queue of infinite length is accepted. (This works with any normal input, use this variable only when Kannel message queues grow very long). white-list-regex POSIX regular expression A regular expression defining the set of accepted senders. See section on regular expressions for details. black-list-regex POSIX regular expression A regular expression defining the set of rejected senders. See section on regular expressions for details. smsbox-max-pending number of messages Maximum number of pending messages on the line to smsbox compatible boxes. sms-resend-freq seconds Frequency for the SMS resend thread in which temporarily failed or queued messages will be resent. Defaults to 60 seconds. sms-resend-retry number Maximum retry attempts for the temporarily failed messages. Defaults to -1, means: unlimited. A sample more complex 'core' group could be something like this: group = core admin-port = 13000 admin-password = f00bar status-password = sTat admin-deny-ip = "*.*.*.*" admin-allow-ip = "127.0.0.1;200.100.0.*" smsbox-port = 13003 wapbox-port = 13004 box-deny-ip = "*.*.*.*" box-allow-ip = "127.0.0.1;200.100.0.*" wdp-interface-name = "*" log-file = "kannel.log" log-level = 1 access-log = "kannel.access" unified-prefix = "+358,00358,0;+,00" white-list = "http://localhost/whitelist.txt" To start the gateway, you need to start each box you need. You always need the bearer box, and depending on whether you want WAP and SMS gateways you need to start the WAP and SMS boxes. If you want, you can run several of them, but we'll explain the simple case of only running one each. After you have compiled Kannel and edited configuration file for your taste, you can either run Kannel from command line or use supplied start-stop-daemon and run_kannel_box programs to use it as a daemon service (more documentation about that later). If you cannot or do not know how to set up daemon systems or just want to test Kannel, you probably want to start it from command line. This means that you probably want to have one terminal window for each box you want to start (xterm or screen will do fine). To start the bearerbox, give the following command: ./bearerbox -v 1 [config-file] The -v 1 sets the logging level to INFO. This way, you won't see a large amount of debugging output (the default is DEBUG). Full explanation of Kannel command line arguments is below. [config-file] is the name of the configuration file you are using with Kannel. The basic distribution packet comes with two sample configuration files, smskannel.conf and wapkannel.conf (in gw subdirectory), of which the first one is for testing out SMS Kannel and the second one for setting up a WAP Kannel. Feel free to edit those configuration files to set up your own specialized system. After the bearer box, you can start the WAP box: ./wapbox -v 1 [config-file] or the SMS box: ./smsbox -v 1 [config-file] or both, of course. The order does not matter, except that you need to start the bearer box before the other boxes. Without the bearer box, the other boxes won't even start. Bearerbox, smsbox and wapbox each accept certain command line options and arguments when they are launched. These arguments are: -v <level> Set verbosity level for stdout (screen) logging. Default is 0, which means 'debug'. 1 is 'info, 2 'warning', 3 'error' and 4 'panic' --verbosity <level>-D <places> Set debug-places for 'debug' level output. --debug <places>-F <file-name> Log to file named file-name, too. Does not overrun or affect any log-file defined in configuration file. --logfile <file-name>-V <level> Set verbosity level for that extra log-file (default 0, which means 'debug'). Does not affect verbosity level of the log-file defined in configuration file, not verbosity level of the stdout output. --fileverbosity <level>-S Start the system initially at SUSPENDED state (see below, bearerbox only) --suspended-I Start the system initially at ISOLATED state (see below, bearerbox only) --isolated-H Only try to open HTTP sendsms interface; if it fails, only warn about that, do not exit. (smsbox only) --tryhttp-g Dump all known config groups and config keys to stdout and exit. --generate-u <username> Change process user-id to the given. --user <username>-p <filename> Write process PID to the given file. --pid-file <filename>-d Start process as daemon (detached from a current shell session). Note: Process will change CWD (Current working directory) to /, therefore you should ensure that all paths to binary/config/config-includes are absolute instead of relative. --daemonize-P Start watcher process. This process watch a child process and if child process crashed will restart them automatically. --parachute-X <scriptname> Execute a given shell script or binary when child process crash detected. This option is usable only with --parachute/-P. Script will be executed with 2 arguments: scriptname 'processname' 'respawn-count'. --panic-script <scriptname> In Kannel, there are four states for the program (which currently directly only apply to bearerbox): Running. The gateway accepts, proceeds and relies messages normally. This is the default state for the bearerbox. Suspended. The gateway does not accept any new messages from SMS centers nor from UDP ports. Neither does it accept new sms and wapbox connections nor sends any messages already in the system onward. Isolated. In this state, the gateway does not accept any messages from external message providers, which means SMS Centers and UDP ports. It still processes any messages in the system and can accept new messages from sendsms interface in smsbox. Full. Gateway does not accept any messages from SMS centers, because maximum-queue-length is achieved. Shutdown. When the gateway is brought down, it does not accept any new messages from SMS centers and UDP ports, but processes all systems already in the system. As soon as any queues are emptied, the system exits The state can be changed via HTTP administration interface (see below), and shutdown can also be initiated via TERM or INT signal from terminal. In addition, the bearerbox can be started already in suspended or isolated state with -S or -I command line option, see above. Kannel can be controlled via an HTTP administration interface. All commands are done as normal HTTP queries, so they can be easily done from command line like this: lynx -dump "http://localhost:12345/shutdown?password=bar" ...in which the '12345' is the configured admin-port in Kannel configuration file (see above). For most commands, admin-password is required as a argument as shown above. In addition, HTTP administration can be denied from certain IP addresses, as explained in configuration chapter. Note that you can use these commands with WAP terminal, too, but if you use it through the same Kannel, replies to various suspend commands never arrive nor can you restart it via WAP anymore. status or status.txt Get the current status of the gateway in a text version. Tells the current state (see above) and total number of messages relied and queuing in the system right now. Also lists the total number of smsbox and wapbox connections. No password required, unless status-password set, in which case either that or main admin password must be supplied. status.html HTML version of status status.xml XML version of status status.wml WML version of status store-status or store-status.txt Get the current content of the store queue of the gateway in a text version. No password required, unless status-password set, in which case either that or main admin password must be supplied. store-status.html HTML version of store-status store-status.xml XML version of store-status suspend Set Kannel state as 'suspended' (see above). Password required. isolate Set Kannel state as 'isolated' (see above). Password required. resume Set Kannel state as 'running' if it is suspended or isolated. Password required. shutdown Bring down the gateway, by setting state to 'shutdown'. After a shutdown is initiated, there is no other chance to resume normal operation. However, 'status' command still works. Password required. If shutdown is sent for a second time, the gateway is forced down, even if it has still messages in queue. flush-dlr If Kannel state is 'suspended' this will flush all queued DLR messages in the current storage space. Password required. start-smsc Re-start a single SMSC link. Password required. Additionally the smsc parameter must be given to identify which smsc-id should be re-started. stop-smsc Shutdown a single SMSC link. Password required. Additionally the smsc parameter must be given (see above). restart Re-start whole bearerbox, hence all SMSC links. Password required. Beware that you loose the smsbox connections in such a case. loglevel Set Kannel log-level of log-files while running. This allows you to change the current log-level of the log-files on the fly. This chapter tells you how to set Kannel up as a WAP gateway. To set up a WAP Kannel, you have to edit the 'core' group in the configuration file, and define the 'wapbox' group. You must set following variables for the 'core' group: wapbox-port and wdp-interface-name. See previous chapter about details of these variables. With standard distribution, a sample configuration file wapkannel.conf is supplied. You may want to take a look at that when setting up a WAP Kannel. If you have set wapbox-port variable in the 'core' configuration group, you MUST supply a 'wapbox' group. The simplest working 'wapbox' group looks like this: group = wapbox bearerbox-host = localhost There is, however, multiple optional variables for the 'wapbox' group. Variable Value Description group (m) wapbox This is mandatory variable bearerbox-host (m) hostname The machine in which the bearerbox is. timer-freq value-in-seconds The frequency of how often timers are checked out. Default is 1 http-interface-name IP address If this is set then Kannel do outgoing HTTP requests using this interface. map-url URL-pair The pair is separated with space. Adds a single mapping for the left side URL to the given destination. If you append an asterisk `*' to the left side URL, its prefix Is matched against the incoming URL. Whenever the prefix matches, the URL will be replaced completely by the right side. In addition, if if you append an asterisk to the right side URL, the part of the incoming URL coming after the prefix, will be appended to the right side URL. Thus, for a line: map-url = "http://source/* http://destination/*" and an incoming URL of "http://source/some/path", the result will be "http://destination/some/path" map-url-max number If you need more than one mapping, set this to the highest number mapping you need. The default gives you 10 mappings, numbered from 0 to 9. Default: 9 map-url-0 URL-pair Adds a mapping for the left side URL to the given destination URL. Repeat these lines, with 0 replaced by a number up to map-url-max, if you need several mappings. device-home URL Adds a mapping for the URL DEVICE:home (as sent by Phone.com browsers) to the given destination URL. There is no default mapping. NOTE: the mapping is added with both asterisks, as described above for the "map-url" setting. Thus, the above example line is equivalent to writing map-url = "DEVICE:home* http://some.where/*" log-file filename As with bearerbox 'core' group. log-level number 0..5syslog-level number Messages of this log level or higher will also be sent to syslog, the UNIX system log daemon. The wapbox logs under the 'daemon' category. The default is not to use syslog, and you can set that explicitly by setting syslog-level to 'none'. access-log filename A file containing all requested URLs from clients while wapbox operation, including client IP, HTTP server User-Agent string, HTTP reponse code, size of reply. access-log-clean boolean Indicates if access-log will contain standard 'markers', which means the 'Log begins', 'Log ends' markers and the prefixed timestamp. This config directive should be set to 'true' if a custom logging format is desired without a prefixed default timestamp. access-log-time string Determine which timezone we use for access logging. Use 'gmt' for GMT time, anything else will use local time. Default is local time. smart-errors bool If set wapbox will return a valid WML deck describing the error that occurred while processing an WSP request. This may be used to have a smarter gateway and let the user know what happened actually. wml-strict bool If set wapbox will use a strict policy in XML parsing the WML deck. If not set it will be more relaxing and let the XML parser recover from parsing errors. This has mainly impacts in how smart the WML deck and it's character set encoding can be addopted, even while you used an encoding that does not fit the XML preamble. BEWARE: This may be a vulnerability in your wapbox for large bogus WML input. Therefore this defaults to 'yes', strict parsing. is assimed. WAP Gateway is ran as explained in previous chapter. You can check whether the WAP gateway (both the bearerbox and the wapbox) is alive by fetching the URL kannel:alive. This chapter tells you how to set Kannel up to deliver the MSISDN number of the WAP device using the WAP gateway. Mostly this feature is interested because the WAP protocol stack itself does not provide such a protocol layer bridging of information. In case you want to know which unique MSISDN is used by the WAP device your HTTP application is currently interacting, then you can pick this information from a RADIUS server that is used by a NAS (network access server) for authentication and accounting purposes. Kannel provides a RADIUS accounting proxy thread inside wapbox which holds a mapping table for the dynamically assigned (DHCP) IP addresses of the WAP clients and their MSISDN numbers provided to the NAS device. Beware that you HAVE TO to be in control of the NAS to configure it to use Kannel's wapbox as RADIUS accounting server. You can not use MSISDN provisioning via Kannel's RADIUS accounting proxy if you can not forward the accounting packets to Kannel's accounting proxy thread. So obviously this feature is for operators and people who have dedicated dial-in servers (NAS). To set up the RADIUS accounting proxy thread inside Kannel you have to define a 'radius-acct' group. The simplest working 'radius-acct' group looks like this: group = radius-acct our-port = 1646 secret-nas = radius This example does not forward any accounting packets to a remote RADIUS server. There is, however, multiple optional variables for the 'radius-acct' group. Variable Value Description group (m) radius-acct This is mandatory variable if you want to have Kannel's RADIUS accounting proxy thread to be active inside wapbox. secret-nas (m) string Specifies the shared secret between NAS and our RADIUS accounting proxy. secret-radius string Specifies the shared secret between our RADIUS accounting proxy and the remote RADIUS server itself in case we are forwarding packets. our-host IP address Specifies the local interface where our-port value will bind to. (defaults to 0.0.0.0) remote-host FQDN or IP address Specifies the remote RADIUS server to which we forward the accounting packets. If none is given, then no forwarding of accounting packets is performed. our-port number Specifies the port to which our RADIUS accounting proxy thread will listen to. (defaults according to RFC2866 to 1813) remote-port number Specifies the port to which our RADIUS accounting proxy thread will forward any packets to the remote-host. (defaults according to RFC2866 to 1813) remote-timeout number Specifies the timeout value in milliseconds for waiting on a response from the remote RADIUS server. (defaults to 40 msecs.) nas-ports number Specifies how many possible clients can connect simultaneously to the NAS. This value is used to initialize the mapping hash table. If does not require to be exact, because the table grows automatically if required. (defaults to 30) unified-prefix prefix-list String to unify provided phone numbers from NAS. Format is that first comes the unified prefix, then all prefixes which are replaced by the unified prefix, separated with comma (','). For example, for Finland an unified-prefix "+358,00358,0;+,00" should do the trick. If there are several unified prefixes, separate their rules with semicolon (';'), like "+35850,050;+35840,040". Kannel's wapbox will include a specific HTTP header in the HTTP request issued to the URL provided by the WAP client. That HTTP header is X-WAP-Network-Client-MSISDN. It will carry as value the MSISDN of the WAP client if the RADIUS accounting proxy has received a valid accounting packet from the NAS that provided the client IP. This chapter is a more detailed guide on how to set up Kannel as an SMS gateway. To set up an SMS gateway, you need, in addition to a machine running Kannel, access to (an operator's) SMS center, or possibly to multiple ones. The list of supported SMS centers and their configuration variables is below. If you do not have such access, you can still use Kannel as an SMS gateway via phone-as-SMSC feature, by using a GSM phone as a virtual SMS center. In addition to an SMS center (real or virtual), you need some server to handle any SMS requests received. This server then has simple or more complex cgi-bins, programs or scripts to serve HTTP requests generated by Kannel in response to received SMS messages. These services can also initiate SMS push via Kannel smsbox HTTP sendsms interface. To set up a SMS Kannel, you have to edit the 'core' group in the configuration file, and define an 'smsbox' group plus one or more 'sms-service' groups, plus possibly one or more 'sendsms-user' groups. For the 'core' group, you must set the following variable: smsbox-port. In addition, you may be interested to set unified-prefix, white-list and/or black-list variables. See above for details of these variables. A sample configuration file smskannel.conf is supplied with the standard distribution. You may want to take a look at that when setting up an SMS Kannel. To set up the SMS center at Kannel, you have to add a 'smsc' group into configuration file. This group must include all the data needed to connect that SMS center. You may also want to define an ID (identification) name for the SMSC, for logging and routing purposes. SMSC ID is an abstract name for the connection. It can be anything you like, but you should avoid any special characters. You do not need to use ID, but rely on SMS center IP address and other information. However, if you use the ID, you do not need to re-define sms-services nor routing systems if the IP of the SMS Center is changed, for example. Common 'smsc' group variables are defined in the following table. The first two (group and smsc) are mandatory, but rest can be used if needed. Variable Value Description group (m) smsc This is a mandatory variable smsc (m) string Identifies the SMS center type. See below for a complete list. smsc-id string An optional name or id for the smsc. Any string is acceptable, but semicolon ';' may cause problems, so avoid it and any other special non-alphabet characters. This 'id' is written into log files and can be used to route SMS messages, and to specify the used SMS-service. Several SMSCs can have the same id. The name is case-insensitive. Note that if SMS Center connection has an assigned SMSC ID, it does NOT automatically mean that messages with identical SMSC ID are routed to it; instead configuration variables denied-smsc-id, allowed-smsc-id and preferred-smsc-id is used for that. If you want to use Delivery Reports, you must define this. throughput number (messages/sec) If SMSC requires that Kannel limits the number of messages per second, use this variable. This is considered as active throttling. (optional) denied-smsc-id id-list SMS messages with SMSC ID equal to any of the IDs in this list are never routed to this SMSC. Multiple entries are separated with semicolons (';') allowed-smsc-id id-list This list is opposite to previous: only SMS messages with SMSC ID in this list are ever routed to this SMSC. Multiple entries are separated with semicolons (';') preferred-smsc-id id-list SMS messages with SMSC ID from this list are sent to this SMSC instead than to SMSC without that ID as preferred. Multiple entries are separated with semicolons (';') allowed-prefix prefix-list A list of phone number prefixes which are accepted to be sent through this SMSC. Multiple entries are separated with semicolon (';'). For example, "040;050" prevents sending of any SMS message with prefix of 040 or 050 through this SMSC. If denied-prefix is unset, only these numbers are allowed. If set, number are allowed if present in allowed or not in denied list. denied-prefix prefix-list A list of phone number prefixes which are NOT accepted to be sent through this SMSC. preferred-prefix prefix-list As denied-prefix, but SMS messages with receiver starting with any of these prefixes are preferably sent through this SMSC. In a case of multiple preferences, one is selected at random (also if there are preferences, SMSC is selected randomly) unified-prefix prefix-list String to unify received phone numbers, for SMSC routing and to ensure that SMS centers can handle them properly. This is applied to 'sender' number when receiving SMS messages from SMS Center and for 'receiver' number when receiving messages from smsbox (either sendsms message or reply to original message). Format is that first comes the unified prefix, then all prefixes which are replaced by the unified prefix, separated with comma (','). For example, for Finland an unified-prefix "+358,00358,0;+,00" should do the trick. If there are several unified prefixes, separate their rules with semicolon (';'), like "+35850,050;+35840,040". Note that prefix routing is next to useless now that there are SMSC ID entries. To remove prefixes, use like "-,+35850,050;-,+35840,040". alt-charset number As some SMS Centers do not follow the standards in character coding, an alt-charset character conversion is presented. This directive acts different for specific SMSC types. Please see your SMSC module type you want to use for more details. our-host hostname Optional hostname or IP address in which to bind the connection in our end. TCP/IP connection only. log-file filename A file in which to write a log of the given smsc output. Hence this allows to log smsc specific entries to a separate file. log-level number 0..5 Minimum level of log-file events logged. 0 is for 'debug', 1 'info', 2 'warning, 3 'error' and 4 'panic' (see Command Line Options) reconnect-delay number Number of seconds to wait between single re-connection attempts. Hence all SMSC modules should use this value for their re-connect behavior. (Defaults to '10' seconds). reroute boolean If set for a smsc group, all inbound messages coming from this smsc connection are passed internally to the outbound routing functions. Hence this messages is not delivered to any connected box for processing. It is passed to the bearerbox routing as if it would have originated from an externally connected smsbox. (Defaults to 'no'). reroute-smsc-id string Similar to 'reroute'. Defines the explicit smsc-id the MO message should be passed to for MT traffic. Hence all messages coming from the the configuration group smsc are passed to the outbound queue of the specified smsc-id. This allows direct proxying of messages between 2 smsc connections without injecting them to the general routing procedure in bearerbox. reroute-receiver string Similar to 'reroute'. Defines the explicit smsc-id routes for specific receiver numbers of messages that are coming from this smsc connection. Format is that first comes the smsc-id to route the message to, then all receiver numbers that should be routed, separated with comma (','). For example, route receivers 111 and 222 to smsc-id A and 333 and 444 to smsc-id B would look like: "A,111,222; B,333,444". reroute-dlr boolean Indicate whether DLR's should be re-routed too, if one of above reroute rules are enabled. Please note, that SMSC-Module should support DLR sending. At time of writing none of SMSC-Module supports DLR sending. allowed-smsc-id-regex POSIX regular expression SMS messages with SMSC ID equal to any of the IDs in this set of SMSC IDs are always routed to this SMSC. See section on regular expressions for details. denied-smsc-id-regex POSIX regular expression SMS messages with SMSC ID equal to any of the IDs in this set of SMSC IDs are never routed to this SMSC. See section on regular expressions for details. preferred-smsc-id-regex POSIX regular expression SMS messages with SMSC ID in this set of SMSC IDs are sent to this SMSC as preferred. See section on regular expressions for details. allowed-prefix-regex POSIX regular expression A set of phone number prefixes which are accepted to be sent through this SMSC. See section on regular expressions for details. denied-prefix-regex POSIX regular expression A set of phone number prefixes which may not be sent through this SMSC. See section on regular expressions for details. preferred-prefix-regex POSIX regular expression As denied-prefix-regex, but SMS messages with receiver matching any of these prefixes are preferably sent through this SMSC. In a case of multiple preferences, one is selected at random. See section on regular expressions for details. In addition to these common variables there are several variables used by certain SMS center connections. Each currently supported SMS center type is explained below, with configuration group for each. Note that many of them use variables with same name, but most also have some specific variables. NOTE: SMS center configuration variables are a bit incomplete, and will be updated as soon as people responsible for the protocols are contacted. Meanwhile, please have patience. Support for CIMD 1.37 is quite old and will be removed in a future version of Kannel. Please let us know if you still need it. group = smsc smsc = cimd host = 100.101.102.103 port = 600 smsc-username = foo smsc-password = bar The driver for CIMD2 is a "receiving SME" and expects the SMSC to be configured for that. It also expects the SMSC to automatically send stored messages as soon as Kannel logs in (this is the normal configuration). group = smsc smsc = cimd2 host = 100.101.102.103 port = 600 smsc-username = foo smsc-password = bar keepalive = 5 my-number = "12345" Variable Value Description host (m) hostname Machine that runs the SMSC. As IP (100.100.100.100) or hostname (their.machine.here) port (m) port-number Port number in the smsc host machine smsc-username (m) string Username in the SMSC machine/connection account smsc-password (m) string Password in the SMSC machine needed to contact SMSC keepalive number SMSC connection will not be left idle for longer than this many seconds. The right value to use depends on how eager the SMSC is to close idle connections. If you see many unexplained reconnects, try lowering this value. Set it to 0 to disable this feature. no-dlr boolean Optional. If defined, status delivery report requests (DLR) won't be requested at all. Some CIMD2 SMSC have prohibited these reports so if you are getting error like "Incorrect status report request parameter usage", this option is for you. Defaults to "false". my-number string The number that the SMSC will add in front of the sender number of all messages sent from Kannel. If Kannel is asked to send a message, it will remove this prefix from the sender number so that the SMSC will add it again. If the prefix was not present, Kannel will log a warning and will not send the sender number. If my-number is not set, or is set to "never", then Kannel will not send the sender number to the SMSC at all. If you want Kannel to pass all sender numbers to the SMSC unchanged, then just set sender-prefix to the empty string "". our-port port-number Optional port number in which to bind the connection in our end. See for changes. Kannel supports two types of connections with CMG SMS centers: direct TCP/IP connections ( emi) and ISDN/modem (X.25) connection (emi_x25). emi_x25 is an old implementation and supports less features than it's IP counterpart. If you still need this module, please tell us to devel@kannel.org so we can fix it. Sample configurations for these are: group = smsc smsc = emi host = 103.102.101.100 port = 6000 smsc-username = foo smsc-password = bar keepalive = 55 our-port = 600 (optional bind in our end) receive-port = 700 (the port in which the SMSC will contact) idle-timeout = 30 group = smsc smsc = emi_x25 phone = ... device = /dev/tty0 smsc-username = foo smsc-password = bar Variable Value Description host (c) hostname Machine that runs SMSC. As IP (100.100.100.100) or hostname (their.machine.here) port (c) port-number Port number in the SMSC host machine alt-host hostname Optional alternate Machine that runs SMSC. As IP (100.100.100.100) or hostname (their.machine.here) (If undef but exists alt-port, emi2 would try host:alt-port) alt-port port-number Optional alternate Port number in the SMSC host machine (If undef but exists alt-host, emi2 would try alt-host:port) smsc-username string Username in the SMSC machine/connection account smsc-password string Password in the SMSC machine needed to contact SMSC device (c) device-name The device the modem is connected to, like /dev/ttyS0. ISDN connection only. phone (c) string Phone number to dial to, when connecting over a modem to an SMS center. our-port port-number Optional port number in which to bind the connection in our end. TCP/IP connection only. receive-port port-number Optional port number we listen to and to which the SMS center connects when it has messages to send. Required if SMS center needs one connection to send and other to receive. TCP/IP connection only. appname string Name of a "Send only" service. Defaults to send. All outgoing messages are routed through this service. connect-allow-ip IP-list If set, only connections from these IP addresses are accepted to receive-port. TCP/IP connection only. idle-timeout number (seconds) If this option is set to a value larger than 0, then the connection will be closed after the configured amount of seconds without activity. This option interacts with the keepalive configuration option. If keepalive is smaller than idle-timeout, then the connection will never be idle and those this option has no effect. If keepalive is larger than idle-timeout, than keepalive reopens the connection. This allows one to poll for pending mobile originated Short Messages at the SMSC. keepalive number (seconds) A keepalive command will be sent to the SMSC connection this many seconds after the last message. The right value to use depends on how eager the SMSC is to close idle connections. 50 seconds is a good guess. If you see many unexplained reconnects, try lowering this value. Set it to 0 to disable this feature. Requires username or my-number to be set. wait-ack number (seconds) A message is resent if the acknowledge from SMSC takes more than this time. Defaults to 60 seconds. wait-ack-expire number Defines what kind of action should be taken if the the ack of a message expires. The options for this value are: 0x00 - disconnect/reconnect, (default) 0x01 - as is now, re-queue, but this could potentially result in the msg arriving twice 0x02 - just carry on waiting (given that the wait-ack should never expire this is the mst accurate) flow-control number This SMSC can support two types of flow control. The first type of flow control is a stop-and-wait protocol, when this parameter equals to '1'. During the handling of commands, no other commands shall be sent before the a response is received. Any command that is sent before the reception of the response will be discarded. The second type of flow control is windowing, when this parameter is unset or equals '0'. In this case a maximum of n commands can be sent before a response is received. window number (messages) When using flow-control=0, emi works in windowed flow control mode. This variable defines the size of the window used to send messages. (optional, defaults to the maximum - 100) my-number number If the large account number is different from the short number, assign it with this variable. For example, if short number is 12345 and large account is 0100100100101234 (IP+port), set my-number to 12345 and every message received will have that receiver. In addition, if you are bound to the SMSC without an explicit login, use this configuration directive to enable keep-alive (OP/31) operations. alt-charset number Defines which character conversion kludge may be used for this specific link. Currently implemented alternative charsets are defined in "alt_charsets.h" and new ones can be added. notification-pid 4 num char. Notification PID value. See below for a complete list and other notes. Example: 0539 If you set notification-pid, you should also set notification-addr. notification-addr string (max 16) Notification Address. Example: 0100110120131234. If you set notification-addr, you should also set notification-pid. You should use notification-pid and notification-addr if you need to inform your exact "address" to your smsc. For example, if you have a Multiple-Address (MA) account with several connections to the same short number, you may need to tell your smsc to send delivery reports to the exact instance that sent the message. This is required because if you send a message with instance 1, your instance 2 wouldn't know about it, unless you use a shared DB store for delivery reports. Notification PID Value Description 0100Mobile Station 0122Fax Group 3 0131X.400 0138Menu over PSTN 0139PC appl. over PSTN (E.164) 0339PC appl. over X.25 (X.121) 0439PC appl. over ISDN (E.164) 0539PC appl. over TCP/IP This implements Short Message Peer to Peer (SMPP) Protocol 3.4 in a manner that should also be compatible with 3.3. Sample configuration: group = smsc smsc = smpp host = 123.123.123.123 port = 600 receive-port = 700 smsc-username = "STT" smsc-password = foo system-type = "VMA" address-range = "" Variable Value Description host (m) hostname Machine that runs SMSC. As IP (100.100.100.100) or hostname (their.machine.here) port (m) port-number The port number for the TRANSMITTER connection to the SMSC. May be the same as receive-port. Use value 0 to disable this I/O thread. transceiver-mode bool Attempt to use a TRANSCEIVER mode connection to the SM-SC. It uses the standard transmit 'port', there is no need to set 'receive-port'. This is a SMPP 3.4 only feature and will not work on an earlier SM-SC. This will try a bind_transceiver only and will not attempt to fall back to doing transmit and receive on the same connection. receive-port port-number The port number for the RECEIVER connection to the SMSC. May be the same as port. Use value 0 to disable this I/O thread. smsc-username (m) string The 'username' of the Messaging Entity connecting to the SM-SC. If the SM-SC operator reports that the "TELEPATH SYSTEM MANAGER TERMINAL" view "Control.Apps.View" value "Name:" is "SMPP_ZAPVMA_T" for the transmitter and "SMPP_ZAPVMA_R" for the receiver the smsc-username value is accordingly "SMPP_ZAP". Note that this used to be called system-id (the name in SMPP documentation) and has been changed to smsc-username to make all Kannel SMS center drivers use the same name. smsc-password (m) string The password matching the "smsc-username" your teleoperator provided you with. system-type (m) string Usually you can get away with "VMA" which stands for Voice Mail Activation. service-type string Optional; if specified, sets the service type for the SMSC. If unset, the default service type is used. This may be used to influence SMS routing (for example). The SMSC operator may also refer to this as the "profile ID". The maximum length of the service type is 6, according to the SMPP specification v3.4. interface-version number Change the "interface version" parameter sent from Kannel to a value other then 0x34 (for SMPP v3.4). the value entered here should be the hexadecimal representation of the interface version parameter. for example, the default (if not set) is "34" which stands for 0x34. for SMPP v3.3 set to "33". address-range (m) string According to the SMPP 3.4 spec this is supposed to affect which MS's can send messages to this account. Doesn't seem to work, though. my-number number Optional smsc short number. Should be set if smsc sends a different one. enquire-link-interval number Optional the time lapse allowed between operations after which an SMPP entity should interrogate whether it's peer still has an active session. The default is 30 seconds. max-pending-submits number Optional the maximum number of outstanding (i.e. acknowledged) SMPP operations between an ESME and SMSC. This number is not specified explicitly in the SMPP Protocol Specification and will be governed by the SMPP implementation on the SMSC. As a guideline it is recommended that no more than 10 (default) SMPP messages are outstanding at any time. reconnect-delay number Optional the time between attempts to connect an ESME to an SMSC having failed to connect initiating or during an SMPP session. The default is 10 seconds. source-addr-ton number Optional, source address TON setting for the link. (Defaults to 0). source-addr-npi number Optional, source address NPI setting for the link. (Defaults to 1). source-addr-autodetect boolean Optional, if defined tries to scan the source address and set TON and NPI settings accordingly. If you don't want to autodetect the source address, turn this off, by setting it to no. (Defaults to yes). dest-addr-ton number Optional, destination address TON setting for the link. (Defaults to 0). dest-addr-npi number Optional, destination address NPI setting for the link. (Defaults to 1). bind-addr-ton number Optional, bind address TON setting for the link. (Defaults to 0). bind-addr-npi number Optional, bind address NPI setting for the link. (Defaults to 0). msg-id-type number Optional, specifies which number base the SMSC is using for the message ID numbers in the corresponding submit_sm_resp and deliver_sm PDUs. This is required to make delivery reports (DLR) work on SMSC that behave differently. The number is a combined set of bit 1 and bit 2 that indicate as follows: bit 1: type for submit_sm_resp, bit 2: type for deliver_sm. If the bit is set then the value is in hex otherwise in decimal number base. Which means the following combinations are possible and valid: 0x00 deliver_sm decimal, submit_sm_resp decimal; 0x01 deliver_sm decimal, submit_sm_resp hex; 0x02 deliver_sm hex, submit_sm_resp decimal; 0x03 deliver_sm hex, submit_sm_resp hex. In accordance to the SMPP v3.4 specs the default will be a C string literal if no of the above values is explicitly indicated using the config directive. alt-charset string Defines which character encoding is used for this specific smsc link. Uses iconv() routines to convert from and to that specific character set encoding. See your local iconv_open(3) manual page for the supported character encodings and the type strings that should be presented for this directive. alt-addr-charset string Defines which character encoding is used for alphanumeric addresses. When set to GSM, addresses are converted into the GSM 03.38 charset (Since @ is translated into 0x00 which will break the SMPP PDU, @ replaced with ?). If set to another value, iconv() is used. (Defaults to windows-1252) connection-timeout number (seconds) This timer specifies the maximum time lapse allowed between transactions , after which period of inactivity, an SMPP driver may assume that the session is no longer active and does reconnect. Defaults to 300 seconds, to disable set it to 0. wait-ack number (seconds) A message is resent if the acknowledge from SMSC takes more than this time. Defaults to 60 seconds. wait-ack-expire number Defines what kind of action should be taken if the ack of a message expires. The options for this value are: 0x00 - disconnect/reconnect, (default) 0x01 - as is now, re-queue, but this could potentially result in the msg arriving twice 0x02 - just carry on waiting (given that the wait-ack should never expire this is the mst accurate) validityperiod integer How long the message will be valid, i.e., how long the SMSC will try try to send the message to the recipient. Defined in minutes. The 4.0 implementation is over Radio PAD (X.28). Following configuration variables are needed, and if you find out the more exact meaning, please send a report. The 5.0 implementation uses X.25 access gateway. The 5.8 implementation uses direct TCP/IP access interface. group = smsc smsc = sema device = /dev/tty0 smsc_nua = (X121 smsc address) home_nua = (x121 radio pad address) wait_report = 0/1 (0 means false, 1 means true) Variable Value Description device (m) device ex: /dev/tty0 smsc_nua (m) X121 smsc address The address of an SMSC for SEMA SMS2000 protocols using an X.28 connection. home_nua (m) X121 radio pad address The address of a radio PAD implementing Sema SMS2000 using X.28 connection. wait_report 0 (false)/1 (true) Report indicator used by the Sema SMS2000 protocol. Optional. group = smsc smsc = ois host = 103.102.101.100 port = 10000 receive-port = 10000 ois-debug-level = 0 Variable Value Description host (m) ip SMSC Host name or IP port (m) port number SMSC Port number receive-port (m) port number The port in which the SMSC will contact ois-debug-level number 0 to 8 extra debug, optional, see smsc_ois.c group = smsc smsc = oisd host = 103.102.101.100 port = 10000 keepalive = 25 my-number = 12345 validityperiod = 30 Variable Value Description host (m) ip SMSC Host name or IP port (m) port number SMSC Port number keepalive number SMSC connection will not be left idle for longer than this many seconds. The right value to use depends on how eager the SMSC is to close idle connections. If you see many unexplained reconnects, try lowering this value. Set it to 0 to disable this feature. my-number string Any valid SME number acceptable by SMSC. This number is used only in keepalive request. validityperiod integer How long the message will be valid, i.e., how long the SMS center (the real one, not the phone acting as one for Kannel) will try to send the message to the recipient. Defined in minutes. This implements Short Message/Advanced Service Interface (SM/ASI) Protocol for the use of connecting to a CriticalPath InVoke SMS Center. Sample configuration: group = smsc smsc = smasi host = 10.11.12.13 port = 23456 smsc-username = foo smsc-password = foo Variable Value Description host (m) hostname Machine that runs SMSC. As IP (10.11.12.13) or hostname (host.foobar.com) port (m) port-number The port number for the connection to the SMSC. smsc-username (m) string The 'username' of the Messaging Entity connecting to the SMSC. smsc-password (m) string The password matching the "smsc-username" your teleoperator provided you with. reconnect-delay number Optional, the time between attempts to connect to an SMSC having failed to connect initiating or during an session. The default is 10 seconds. source-addr-ton number Optional, source address TON setting for the link. (Defaults to 1). source-addr-npi number Optional, source address NPI setting for the link. (Defaults to 1). dest-addr-ton number Optional, destination address TON setting for the link. (Defaults to 1). dest-addr-npi number Optional, destination address NPI setting for the link. (Defaults to 1). priority number Optional, sets the default priority of messages transmitted over this smsc link. (Defaults to 0, which is the highest priority) See for changes. This driver allows a GSM Modem or Phone to be connected to Kannel and work as a virtual SMSC group = smsc smsc = at modemtype = auto device = /dev/ttyS0 speed = 9600 pin = 2345 Variable Value Description modemtype string Modems from different manufacturers have slightly different behavior. We need to know what type of modem is used. Use "auto" or omit parameter to have Kannel detect the modem type automatically. (some types should not be auto-detected like the Nokia Premicell). device (m) device-name The device the modem is connected to, like /dev/ttyS0. When the device name is set to rawtcp, two other variables are required in the configuration: host and port. See the note below. speed serial speed in bps The speed in bits per second. Default value 0 means to try to use speed from modem definition, or if it fails, try to autodetect. pin string This is the PIN number of the SIM card in the GSM modem. You can specify this option if your SIM has never been used before and needs to have the PIN number entered. The PIN is usually a four digit number. validityperiod integer How long the message will be valid, i.e., how long the SMS center (the real one, not the phone acting as one for Kannel) will try to send the message to the recipient. Encoded as per the GSM 03.40 standard, section 9.2.3.12. Default is 167, meaning 24 hours. keepalive seconds Kannel would "ping" the modem for this many seconds. If the probe fails, try to reconnect to it. my-number number Optional phone number. sms-center number SMS Center to send messages. sim-buffering boolean Whether to enable the so-called "SIM buffering behavior" of the GSM module. if assigned a true value, the module will query the message storage memory of the modem and will process and delete any messages found there. this does not alter normal behavior, but only add the capability of reading messages that were stored in the memory for some reason. The type of memory to use can be selected using the 'message-storage' parameter of the modem configuration. Polling the memory is done at the same interval as keepalive (if set) or 60 seconds (if not set). NOTE: This behavior is known to cause minor or major hiccups for a few buggy modems. Modems known to work with this setting are Wavecom WM02/M1200 and the Siemens M20. max-error-count integer Maximal error count for opening modem device or initializing of the modem before reset-string will be executed. This is useful when modem crashed and needs hard reset. Default disabled. host IP address Hostname or IP address to connect in rawtcp mode. Required if device is set to rawtcp. port integer TCP port to connect to on rawtcp-host. Required if device is set to rawtcp. Modem definitions are now multiple groups present in kannel.conf, either directly or, for example, by including the example modems.conf. (See ) Variable Value Description group modems This is a mandatory variable id string This is the the id that should be used in modemtype variable from AT2 name string The name of this modem configuration. Used in logs detect-string string String to use when trying to detect the modem. See detect-string2 detect-string2 string Second string to use to detect the modem. For example, if the modem replies with "SIEMENS MODEM M20", detect-string could be "SIEMENS" and detect-string2 "M20" init-string string Optional initialization string. Defaults to "AT+CNMI=1,2,0,1,0" speed number Serial port hint speed to use. Optional. Defaults to smsc group speed or autodetect enable-hwhs string Optional AT command to enable hardware handshake. Defaults to "AT+IFC=2,2" need-sleep boolean Optional. Defaults to false. Some modems needs to sleep after opening the serial port and before first command no-pin boolean Optional. Defaults to false. If the modem doesn't support the PIN command, enable this no-smsc boolean Optional. Defaults to false. If the modem doesn't support setting the SMSC directly on the PDU, enable this. (Default is to include a "00" at the beginning of the PDU to say it's the default smsc, and remove the "00" when receiving) sendline-sleep number (milliseconds) Optional, defaults to 100 milliseconds. The sleep time after sending a AT command. keepalive-cmd string Optional, defaults to "AT". If keepalive is activated in AT2 group, this is the command to be sent. If your modem supports it, for example, use "AT+CBC;+CSQ", and see in logs the reply "+CBC: 0,64" (0=On battery, 64% full) and "+CSQ: 14,99" (0-31, 0-7: signal strength and channel bit error rate; 99 for unknown). See 3GPP 27007. message-storage string Message storage memory type to enable for "SIM buffering". Possible values are: "SM" - SIM card memory or "ME" - Mobile equipment memory (may not be supported by your modem). check your modem's manual for more types. By default, if the option is not set, no message storage command will be sent to the modem and the modem's default message storage will be used (usually "SM"). enable-mms boolean Optional, defaults to false. If enabled, Kannel would send an AT+CMMS=2 if it have more than one message on queue and hopefully will be quicker sending the messages. reset-string string Which reset string to execute when max-error-count reached. Example for Falcom: AT+CFUN=1 A note about delivery reports and GSM modems: while it is possible (and supported) to receive delivery reports on GSM modems, it may not work for you. if you encounter problems, check that your modem's init string (if not the default) is set to correctly allow the modem to send delivery reports using unsolicited notification (check your modem's manual). If the init-string is not set as si, some modems will store delivery reports to SIM memory, to get at which you will need to enable sim-buffering. finally your GSM network provider may not support delivery reports to mobile units. About rawtcp mode: This mode allows you to use a GSM modem connected to a remote terminal server, such as Perle IOLAN DS1 or a Cisco router with reverse telnet. The teminal server should support raw TCP mode. The driver is not tested in telnet mode. It is recommended to use keepalive variable, in order to automatically reconnect in case of network connectivity problems. Fake SMSC is a simple protocol to test out Kannel. It is not a real SMS center, and cannot be used to send or receive SMS messages from real phones. So, it is ONLY used for testing purposes. group = smsc smsc = fake port = 10000 connect-allow-ip = 127.0.0.1 Variable Value Description host (m) hostname Machine that runs the SMSC. As IP (100.100.100.100) or hostname (their.machine.here) port (m) port-number Port number in smsc host machine connect-allow-ip IP-list If set, only connections from these IP addresses are accepted. This special "SMSC" is used for HTTP based connections with other gateways and various other relay services, when direct SMSC is not available. group = smsc smsc = http system-type = kannel smsc-username = nork smsc-password = z0rK port = 13015 send-url = "http://localhost:20022" Variable Value Description system-type (m) string Type of HTTP connection. Currently supported are: 'kannel', 'brunet', 'xidris', 'wapme'. send-url (m) url Location to send MT messages. This URL is expanded by used system, if need to. no-sender boolean Do not add variable sender to the send-url. no-coding boolean Do not add variable coding to the send-url. no-sep boolean Represent udh and text as a numeric string containing the hex-dump. For instance, text=%2b123 is represented as text=2b313233. port (m) port-number Port number in which Kannel listens to (MO) messages from other gateway connect-allow-ip IP-list IPs allowed to use this interface. If not set, "127.0.0.1" (localhost) is the only host allowed to connect. smsc-username string Username associated to connection, if needed. Kannel requires this, and it is the same as send-sms username at other end. smsc-password string Password for username, if needed. This module can be easily adopted to other HTTP-based interfaces. In case you want to route MT messages coming from smsbox to bearerbox back into the system again as MO messages, you can use the HTTP SMSC to address it's own MO interface like this: group = smsc smsc = http smsc-id = MT2MO system-type = kannel smsc-username = tester smsc-password = foobar port = 14000 send-url = "http://localhost:14000/cgi-bin/sendsms" This smsc group will allow you to send MT messages to smsc-id MT2MO, which addresses the configured HTTP SMSC module. Now the module will use the send-url to pass the MT messages. As you see, the send-url loops back to it's own MO interface listening on port 14000, which will lead into an MO message and passed to smsbox again. This can be used to generate cycles or allow to connect smsbox users that pass messages and make them look like they originated from an SMSC. If you have several SMS center connections (multiple operators or a number of GSM modems) you need to configure one smsc group per SMS center (or GSM modem). When doing this, you might want to use routing systems to rout messages to specific centers - for example, you have 2 operator SMS centers, and the other is much faster and cheaper to use. To set up routing systems, first give an unique ID for each SMS center - or if you want to treat multiple ones completely identical, give them identical ID. Then use preferred-smsc-id and denied-smsc-id to set up the routing to your taste. See also SMS PUSH settings ('sendsms-user' groups), below. Not all of Kannel's SMSC drivers support the same set of features. This is because they were written at different times, and new features are often only added to drivers that the feature author can test. The table in this section is an attempt to show exactly what features to expect from a driver, and to help identify areas where drivers need to be updated. Currently most of the entries are marked as "not tested" because the table is still new. Feature cimd cimd2 emi emi_x25 smpp sema ois oisd at http fake smasi Can use DLR n y? y n y? n n y n n y y Can set DCSTo use mclass, mwi, coding and compress fields. ? ? y ? ? ? ? y y ? ? ? Can set Alt-DCS n n y n n n n n y n n ? Can set Validity ? ? y ? ? ? ? y y ? ? ? Can set Deferred ? ? y ? ? ? ? n n ? ? ? Can set PID n y y n y n n n y n n ? Can set RPI n y y n y n n n n n n ? Can send Unicode ? ? y ? ? ? ? y y ? ? ? Can send 8 bits ? ? y ? ? ? ? y y ? ? y Correctly send GSM alphabet ? ? y ? ? ? ? y ? ? ? ? Can set binfo / tariff class ? y ? ? ? ? ? n ? ? ? ? Can use throttling n n y n y n n n n y y y Feature cimd cimd2 emi2 emi_x25 smpp sema ois oisd at http fake smasi Can keep idle connections alive n y? y n y? ? ? y y ? ? y Can send octet data without UDH n y? y y? n n y? y y n y?Does not mark it as octet data ? Can send octet data with UDH N y? y y? y? n ? y y y? y? ? Can send text messages with UDH n y? y y? n n ? y y n y? ? Can receive octet data without UDH n y? y n n y?However, it looks like the sema driver can't receive text data. y? y y n n ? Can receive Unicode messages n n y n n n n y y n n ? Can receive octet data with UDH n y? y n n n N y y y? y? ? Can receive text messages with UDH n y? y n n n N y y n n ? Correctly encodes @ when sending y? y? y ? y? ? y? y y y? y? ? Correctly encodes ä when sending y? y? y ? y? ? y? y y y? y? ? Correctly encodes { when sending n y? y ? y? ? n y NMiscalculates message length y? y? ? Can receive @ in text messages y? y? y ? y? ? y? y y y? y? ? Can receive ä in text messages y? y? y ? y? ? y? y y? y? y? ? Can receive { in text messages n y? y ? y? ? n y y? y? y? ? Can shut down idle connections n n y n n ? ? n ? ? ? ? SymbolMeaning ? not yet investigated y driver has this feature, and it has been tested y? driver probably has this feature, has not been tested n driver does not have this feature N driver claims to have this feature but it doesn't work - feature is not applicable for this driver Delivery reports are supported by default internally, which means all DLRs are stored in the memory of the bearerbox process. This is problematic if bearerbox crashes or you take the process down in a controlled way, but there are still DLRs open. Therefore you may use external DLR storage places, i.e. a MySQL database. Following are the supported DLR storage types and how to use them: This is the default way in handling DLRs and does not require any special configuration. In order to configure bearerbox to use internal DLR storage use dlr-storage = internal in the core group. To store DLR information into a MySQL database you may use the dlr-storage = mysql configuration directive in the core group. In addition to that you must have a dlr-db group defined that specifies the table field names that are used to the DLR attributes and a mysql-connection group that defines the connection to the MySQL server itself. Here is the example configuration from doc/examples/dlr-mysql.conf: group = mysql-connection id = mydlr host = localhost username = foo password = bar database = dlr max-connections = 1 group = dlr-db id = mydlr table = dlr field-smsc = smsc field-timestamp = ts field-destination = destination field-source = source field-service = service field-url = url field-mask = mask field-status = status field-boxc-id = boxc For several reasons external storage may be required to handle dynamical issues, i.e. DLRs, sms-service, sendsms-user, ota-setting, ota-bookmark definitions and so on. To define a MySQL database connection you simple need to specify a mysql-connection group as follows: Variable Value Description group mysql-connection This is a mandatory variable id (m) string An optional name or id to identify this MySQL connection for internal reference with other MySQL related configuration groups. Any string is acceptable, but semicolon ';' may cause problems, so avoid it and any other special non-alphabet characters. host (m) hostname or IP Hostname or IP of a server running a MySQL database to connect to. username (m) username User name for connecting to MySQL database. password (m) password Password for connecting to MySQL database. database (m) string Name of database in MySQL database server to connect to. max-connections integer How many connections should be opened to the given database. This is used for database pool. A sample 'mysql-connection' group: group = mysql-connection id = dlr-db host = localhost username = foo password = bar database = dlr max-connections = 1 In case you use different MySQL connections for several storage issues, i.e. one for DLR and another different one for sms-service you may use the include configuration statement to extract the MySQL related configuration groups to a separate mysql.conf file. To store DLR information into a LibSDB resource (which is an abstraction of a real database) you may use the dlr-storage = sdb configuration directive in the core group. In addition to that you must have a dlr-db group defined that specifies the table field names that are used to the DLR attributes and a sdb-connection group that defines the LibSDB resource itself. Here is the example configuration from doc/examples/dlr-sdb.conf using a PostgreSQL resource: group = sdb-connection id = pgdlr url = "postgres:host=localhost:db=myapp:port=1234" max-connections = 1 group = dlr-db id = pgdlr table = dlr field-smsc = smsc field-timestamp = ts field-destination = destination field-source = source field-service = service field-url = url field-mask = mask field-status = status field-boxc-id = boxc Beware that you have the DB support build in your LibSDB installation when trying to use a specific DB type within the URL. To store DLR information into a Oracle database you may use the dlr-storage = oracle configuration directive in the core group. In addition to that you must have a dlr-db group defined that specifies the table field names that are used to the DLR attributes and a oracle-connection group that defines the connection to the Oracle server itself. Here is the example configuration from doc/examples/dlr-oracle.conf: group = oracle-connection id = mydlr username = foo password = bar tnsname = dlr max-connections = 1 group = dlr-db id = mydlr table = dlr field-smsc = smsc field-timestamp = ts field-destination = destination field-source = source field-service = service field-url = url field-mask = mask field-status = status field-boxc-id = boxc To store DLR information into a PostgreSQL database you may use the dlr-storage = pgsql configuration directive in the core group. In addition to that you must have a dlr-db group defined that specifies the table field names that are used to the DLR attributes and a pgsql-connection group that defines the connection to the PostgreSQL server itself. Here is the example configuration: group = pgsql-connection id = mydlr host = myhost.com username = foo password = bar database = dlr max-connections = 1 group = dlr-db id = mydlr table = dlr field-smsc = smsc field-timestamp = ts field-destination = destination field-source = source field-service = service field-url = url field-mask = mask field-status = status field-boxc-id = boxc For external database storage of DLR information in relational database management systems (RDBMS) you will have to specify which table field are used to represent the stored data. This is done via the dlr-db group as follows: Variable Value Description group dlr-db This is a mandatory variable id (m) string An id to identify which external connection should be used for DLR storage. Any string is acceptable, but semicolon ';' may cause problems, so avoid it and any other special non-alphabet characters. table (m) string The name of the table that is used to store the DLR information. field-smsc (m) string The table field that is used for the smsc data. field-timestamp (m) string The table field that is used for the timestamp data. field-destination (m) string The table field that is used for the destination number data. field-source (m) string The table field that is used for the source number data. field-service (m) string The table field that is used for the service username data. field-url (m) string The table field that is used for the DLR URL which is triggered when the DLR for this message arrives from the SMSC. field-mask (m) string The table field that is used for the DLR mask that has been set for a message. field-status (m) string The table field that is used to reflect the status of the DLR for a specific message. field-boxc-id (m) string The table field that is used to store the smsbox connection id that has passed the message for delivery. This is required in cases you want to guarantee that DLR messages are routed back to the same smsbox conn instance. This is done via the smsbox routing. If you don't use smsbox routing simply add this field to your database table and keep it empty. A sample 'dlr-db' group: group = dlr-db id = dlr-db table = dlr field-smsc = smsc field-timestamp = ts field-source = source field-destination = destination field-service = service field-url = url field-mask = mask field-status = status field-boxc-id = boxc Beware that all variables in this group are mandatory, so you have to specify all fields to enable bearerbox to know how to store and retrieve the DLR information from the external storage spaces. You must define an 'smsbox' group into the configuration file to be able to use SMS Kannel. The simplest working 'smsbox' group looks like this: group = smsbox bearerbox-host = localhost ...but you would most probably want to define 'sendsms-port' to be able to use SMS push. SMSBox inherits from core the following fields: smsbox-port http-proxy-port http-proxy-host http-proxy-username http-proxy-password http-proxy-exceptions http-proxy-exceptions-regex ssl-certkey-file Variable Value Description group (m) smsbox This is a mandatory variable bearerbox-host (m) hostname The machine in which the bearerbox is. bearerbox-port (o) port-number This is the port number to which smsbox will connect bearerbox. If not given smsbox-port from core group used. bearerbox-port-ssl (o) bool If set to true, the smsbox connection will be SSL-enabled. Your smsbox will connect using SSL to the bearerbox then. This is used to secure communication between bearerbox and smsboxes in case they are in separate networks operated and the TCP communication is not secured on a lower network layer. If not given smsbox-port-ssl from core group used. smsbox-id (o) string Optional smsbox instance identifier. This is used to identify an smsbox connected to an bearerbox for the purpose of having smsbox specific routing inside bearerbox. So if you you own boxes that do pass messages into bearerbox for delivery you may want that answers to those are routed back to your specific smsbox instance, i.e. SMPP or EMI proxying boxes. sendsms-port (c) port-number The port in which any sendsms HTTP requests are done. As with other ports in Kannel, can be set as anything desired. sendsms-port-ssl (o) bool If set to true, the sendsms HTTP interface will use a SSL-enabled HTTP server with the specified ssl-server-cert-file and ssl-server-key-file from the core group. Defaults to "no". sendsms-url (o) url URL locating the sendsms service. Defaults to /cgi-bin/sendsms. sendota-url (o) url URL locating the sendota service. Defaults to /cgi-bin/sendota. immediate-sendsms-reply (o) boolean This is a backward compatibility flag: when set, Kannel will immediately answer to any sendsms requests, without knowing if the bearerbox will ever accept the message. If set to false (default), smsbox will not reply to HTTP request until the bearerbox has received the message. sendsms-chars string Only these characters are allowed in 'to' field when send-SMS service is requested via HTTP. Naturally, you should allow at least 0123456789. The space character (' ') has special meaning: it is used to separate multiple phone numbers from each other in multi-send. To disable this feature, do not have it as an accepted character. If this variable is not set, the default set "0123456789 +-" is used. global-sender phone-number If set, all sendsms originators are set as these before proceeding. Note that in a case of most SMS centers you cannot set the sender number, but it is automatically set as the number of SMSC log-file filename As with the bearerbox 'core' group. Access-log is used to store information about MO and send-sms requests. Can be named same as the 'main' access-log (in 'core' group). log-level number 0..5access-log filenamewhite-list URL Load a list of accepted destinations of SMS messages. If a destination of an SMS message is not in this list, any message received from the HTTP interface is rejected. See notes of phone number format from numhash.h header file. black-list URL As white-list, but SMS messages to these numbers are automatically discarded reply-couldnotfetch string If set, replaces the SMS message sent back to user when Kannel could not fetch content. Defaults to Could not fetch content, sorry.. reply-couldnotrepresent string If set, replaces the SMS message sent back when Kannel could not represent the result as a SMS message. Defaults to Result could not be represented as an SMS message.. reply-requestfailed string If set, replaces the SMS message sent back when Kannel could not contact http service. Defaults to Request Failed. reply-emptymessage string If set, replaces the SMS message sent back when message is empty. Set to "" to enable empty messages. Defaults to <Empty reply from service provider>. mo-recode boolean If enabled, Kannel will try to convert received messages with UCS-2 charset to WINDOWS-1252 or to UTF-8, simplifying external servers jobs. If Kannel is able to recode message, it will also change coding to 7 bits and charset to windows-1252 or to utf-8. http-request-retry integer If set, specifies how many retries should be performed for failing HTTP requests of sms-services. Defaults to 0, which means no retries should be performed and hence no HTTP request queuing is done. http-queue-delay integer If set, specifies how many seconds should pass within the HTTP queuing thread for retrying a failed HTTP request. Defaults to 10 sec. and is only obeyed if http-request-retry is set to a non-zero value. white-list-regex POSIX regular expression Defines the set of accepted destinations of SMS messages. If a destination of an SMS message is not in this set, any message received from the HTTP interface is rejected. See section on regular expressions for details. black-list-regex POSIX regular expression As white-list-regex, but SMS messages to numbers within in this set are automatically discarded. See section on regular expressions for details. max-pending-requests number of messages Maximum number of pending MO or DLR messages that are handled in parallel. (Default: 512) A typical 'smsbox' group could be something like this: group = smsbox bearerbox-host = localhost sendsms-port = 13131 sendsms-chars = "0123456789 " global-sender = 123456 access-log = "kannel.access" log-file = "smsbox.log" log-level = 0 The communication link between bearerbox and smsbox has been designed for the purpose of load-balancing via random assignment. Which means, bearerbox holds all smsc connections and passes inbound message to one of the connected smsboxes. So you have a determined route for outbound messages, but no determined route for inbound messages. The smsbox routing solves this for the inbound direction. In certain scenarios you want that bearerbox to know to which smsbox instance it should pass messages. I.e. if you implement our own boxes that pass messages to bearerbox and expect to receive messages defined on certain rules, like receiver number or smsc-id. This is the case for EMI/UCP and SMPP proxies that can be written easily using smsbox routing facility. If you smppbox handles the SMPP specific communication to your EMSEs, and if an client send a submit_sm PDU, smppbox would transform the message into Kannel message representation and inject the message to bearerbox as if it would be an smsbox. As you want to assign your clients shortcuts for certain networks or route any inbound traffic from a certain smsc link connected to bearerbox, you need to separate in the scope of bearerbox where the inbound message will be going to. An example may look like this: group = smsbox ... smsbox-id = mysmsc ... group = smsbox-route smsbox-id = mysmsc shortcuts = "1111;2222;3333" which means and inbound message with receiver number 1111, 2222 or 3333 will be delivered to the smsbox instance that has identified itself via the id "mysmsc" to bearerbox. Using this routing the smsbox instance (which may be an EMI/UCP or SMPP proxy) is able to send a deliver_sm PDU smsbox-route inherits from core the following fields: Variable Value Description group (m) smsbox-route This is a mandatory variable smsbox-id (m) string Defines for which smsbox instance the routing rules do apply. smsc-ids word-list If set, specifies from which smsc-ids all inbound messages should be routed to this smsbox instance. List contains smsc-ids separated by semicolon (";"). This rule may be used to pull any smsc specific message stream to an smsbox instance. shortcuts number-list If set, specifies which receiver numbers for inbound messages should be routed to this smsbox instance. List contains numbers separated by semicolon (";"). This rule may be used to pull receiver number specific message streams to an smsbox instance. Now that you have an SMS center connection to send and receive SMS messages you need to define services for incoming messages. This is done via 'sms-service' configuration groups. These groups define SMS services in the smsbox, so they are only used by the smsbox. Each service is recognized from the first word in an SMS message and by the number of arguments accepted by the service configuration (unless catch-all configuration variable is used). By adding a username and password in the URL in the following manner "http://luser:password@host.domain:port/path?query" we can perform HTTP Basic authentication. The simplest service group looks like this: group = sms-service keyword = www get-url = "http://%S" This service grabs any SMS with two words and 'www' as the first word, and then does an HTTP request to an URL which is taken from the rest of the message. Any result is sent back to the phone (or requester), but is truncated to the 160 characters that will fit into an SMS message, naturally. Service group default has a special meaning: if the incoming message is not routed to any other service, default 'sms-service' group is used. You should always define default service. Service group black-list has a special meaning: if the incoming message is in service's black-list, this service is used to reply to user. If unset, message will be discarded. Variable Value Description group (m) sms-service This is a mandatory variable keyword (m) word Services are identified by the first word in the SMS. Each `%s' in the URL corresponds to one word in the SMS message. Words are separated with spaces. A keyword is matched only if the number of words in the SMS message is the same as the number of `%s' fields in the URL. This allows you to configure the gateway to use different URLs for the same keyword depending on the number of words the SMS message contains. The keyword matches in non-case sensitive manner, which means you don't have to use aliases to handle different cased versions of your keyword. keyword-regex POSIX regular expression This field may be used to enable service-selection based on a regular expression. If this field is defined for a service, then the selection will rely on the regex only, never taking the literal keyword into account. See section on regular expressions for details. aliases word-list If the service has aliases, they are listed as a list with each entry separated with a semicolon (';') name string Optional name to identify the service in logs. If unset, keyword is used. get-url (c) URL Requested URL. The url can include a list of parameters, which are parsed before the url is fetched. See below for these parameters. Also works with plain 'url' post-url (c) URL Requested URL. As above, but request is done as POST, not GET. Always matches the keyword, regardless of pattern matching. See notes on POST other where. post-xml (c) URL Requested URL. As above, but request is done as XML POST. Always matches the keyword, regardless of pattern matching. See notes on POST other where and file (c) filename File read from a local disc. Use this variable only if no url is set. All escape codes (parameters) in url are supported in filename. The last character of the file (usually linefeed) is removed. text (c) string Predefined text answer. Only if there is neither url nor file set. Escape codes (parameters) are usable here, too. exec (c) string Executes the given shell command as the current UID of the running smsbox user and returns the output to stdout as reply. Escape codes (parameters) are usable here, too. BEWARE: You may harm your system if you use this sms-service type without serious caution! Make sure anyone who is allowed to use these kind of services is checked using white/black-list mechanisms for security reasons. accepted-smsc id-list Accept ONLY SMS messages arriving from SMSC with matching ID. Even if this service is denied, Kannel still searches for other service which accepts the message, or default service. Separate multiple entries with ';'. For example, if accepted-smsc is "RL;SON", accept messages which originate from SMSC with ID set as 'RL' or 'SON' allowed-prefix prefix-list A list of phone number prefixes of the sender number which are accepted to be received by this service. Like in accepted-smsc, Kannel still searches for other service which accepts the message. This way there could be several services with the same keyword and different results. Multiple entries are separated with semicolon (';'). For example, "91;93" selects this service for these prefixes. If denied-prefix is unset, only this numbers are allowed. If denied is set, number are allowed if present in allowed or not in denied list. denied-prefix prefix-list A list of phone number prefixes of the sender number which are NOT accepted to be sent through this SMSC. allowed-receiver-prefix prefix-list A list of phone number prefixes of the receiver number which are accepted to be received by this service. This may be used to allow only inbound SMS to certain shortcut numbers to be allowed to this service. denied-receiver-prefix prefix-list A list of phone number prefixes of the receiver number which are NOT accepted to be sent through this SMSC. catch-all bool Catch keyword regardless of '%s' parameters in pattern. send-sender bool Used only with POST. If set to true, number of the handset is set, otherwise not. strip-keyword bool Used only with POST. Remove matched keyword from message text before sending it onward. faked-sender phone-number This number is set as sender. Most SMS centers ignore this, and use their fixed number instead. This option overrides all other sender setting methods. max-messages number If the message to be sent is longer than maximum length of an SMS it will be split into several parts. max-messages lets you specify a maximum number of individual SMS messages that can be used. If max-messages is set to 0, no reply is sent, except for error messages. accept-x-kannel-headers bool Request reply can include special X-Kannel headers but these are only accepted if this variable is set to true. See . assume-plain-text bool If client does not set Content-Type for reply, it is normally application/octet-stream which is then handled as data in Kannel. This can be forced to be plain/text to allow backward compatibility, when data was not expected. concatenation bool Long messages can be sent as independent SMS messages with concatenation = false or as concatenated messages with concatenation = true. Concatenated messages are reassembled into one long message by the receiving device. split-chars string Allowed characters to split the message into several messages. So, with "#!" the message is split from last '#' or '!', which is included in the previous part. split-suffix string If the message is split into several ones, this string is appended to each message except the last one. omit-empty bool Normally, Kannel sends a warning to the user if there was an empty reply from the service provider. If omit-empty is set to 'true', Kannel will send nothing at all in such a case. header string If specified, this string is automatically added to each SMS sent with this service. If the message is split, it is added to each part. footer string As header, but not inserted into head but appended to end. prefix string Stuff in answer that is cut away, only things between prefix and suffix is left. Not case sensitive. Matches the first prefix and then the first suffix. These are only used for url type services, and only if both are specified. suffix stringwhite-list URL Load a list of accepted senders of SMS messages. If a sender of an SMS message is not in this list, any message received from the SMSC is rejected, unless a black-list service is defined. See notes of phone number format from numhash.h header file. black-list URL As white-list, but SMS messages from these numbers are automatically discarded accepted-smsc-regex POSIX regular expression Accept only SMS messages arriving from SMSCs with a matching ID. Even if this service is denied, Kannel still searches for other service which accepts the message, or default service. See section on regular expressions for details. allowed-prefix-regex POSIX regular expression A set of phone number prefixes of sender-numbers accepted by this service. Like in accepted-smsc-regex, Kannel still searches for another service which accepts the message. This way there could be several services with the same keyword and different results. See section on regular expressions for details. denied-prefix-regex POSIX regular expression A set of phone number prefixes of sender-numbers which may not use this service. See section on regular expressions for details. allowed-receiver-prefix-regex POSIX regular expression A set of phone number prefixes of receiver-numbers which may receive data sent by this service. This can be used to allow only inbound SMS to certain shortcut numbers to be allowed to this service. See section on regular expressions for details. denied-receiver-prefix-regex POSIX regular expression A set of phone number prefixes of receiver-numbers which may not receive data sent by this service. See section on regular expressions for details. white-list-regex POSIX regular expression Defines a set of accepted senders of SMS messages. If a sender of an SMS message is not in this list, the message is rejected. See section on regular expressions for details. black-list-regex POSIX regular expression As white-list-regex, but SMS messages from these numbers are automatically discarded. See section on regular expressions for details. %k the keyword in the SMS request (i.e., the first word in the SMS message) %s next word from the SMS message, starting with the second one (i.e., the first word, the keyword, is not included); problematic characters for URLs are encoded (e.g., '+' becomes '%2B') %S same as %s, but '*' is converted to '~' (useful when user enters a URL) and URL encoding isn't done (all others do URL encode) %r words not yet used by %s; e.g., if the message is "FOO BAR FOOBAR BAZ", and the has been one %s, %r will mean "FOOBAR BAZ" %a all words of the SMS message, including the first one, with spaces squeezed to one %b the original SMS message, in a binary form %t the time the message was sent, formatted as "YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM", e.g., "1999-09-21 14:18" %T the time the message was sent, in UNIX epoch timestamp format %p the phone number of the sender of the SMS message %P the phone number of the receiver of the SMS message %q like %p, but a leading `00' is replaced with `+' %Q like %P, but a leading `00' is replaced with `+' %i the smsc-id of the connection that received the message %I the SMS ID of the internal message structure %d the delivery report value %A the delivery report SMSC reply, if any %n the sendsms-user or sms-service name %c message coding: 0 (default, 7 bits), 1 (8 bits) or 2 (Unicode) %m message class bits of DCS: 0 (directly to display, flash), 1 (to mobile), 2 (to SIM) or 3 (to SIM toolkit). %M mwi (message waiting indicator) bits of DCS: 0 (voice), 1, (fax), 2 (email) or 3 (other) for activation and 4, 5, 6, 7 for deactivation respectively. %C message charset: for a "normal" message, it will be "GSM" (coding=0), "binary" (coding=1) or "UTF-16BE" (coding=2). If the message was successfully recoded from Unicode, it will be "WINDOWS-1252" %u udh of incoming message %B billing identifier/information of incoming message. The value depends on the SMSC module and the associated billing semantics of the specific SMSC providing the information. For EMI2 the value is the XSer 0c field, for SMPP it is the service_type of the deliver_sm PDU. (Note: This is used for proxying billing information to external applications. There is no semantics associated while processing these.) %o account identifier/information of incoming message. The value depends on the SMSC module and has been introduced to allow the forwarding of an operator ID from aggregator SMSCs to the application layer, hence the smsbox HTTP calling instance. %f Originating SMSC of incoming message. The value is set if the AT driver is used to receive a SMS on a gsm modem. The value of %f will contain the number of the SMSC sending the SMS to the SIM card. Other SMSC types than AT do not set this field so it will be empty. Some sample 'sms-service' groups: group = sms-service keyword = nop text = "You asked nothing and I did it!" catch-all = true group = sms-service keyword = complex get-url = "http://host/service?sender=%p&text=%r" accept-x-kannel-headers = true max-messages = 3 concatenation = true group = sms-service keyword = default text = "No action specified" When an sms-service requests a document via HTTP, it will accept one of four types of content types: text/plain Blanks are squeezed into one, rest is chopped to fit an SMS message. text/html Tags are removed, rest is chopped to fit an SMS message. text/vnd.wap.wml Processed like HTML. text/xml Processed as a POST-XML. See application/octet-stream The body will be transmitted as the SMS message, as 8-bit data. This can be avoided by setting assume-plain-text variable on for the SMS-service. Kannel uses and accepts several X-Kannel headers to be used with SMS-services, if option accept-x-kannel-headers was provided in the relevant 'sms-service' group. SMSPush equivalent X-Kannel Header username X-Kannel-Usernamepassword X-Kannel-Passwordfrom X-Kannel-Fromto X-Kannel-Totext request bodycharset charset as in Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1udh X-Kannel-UDHsmsc X-Kannel-SMSCflash X-Kannel-Flash (deprecated, see X-Kannel-MClassmclass X-Kannel-MClassmwi X-Kannel-MWIcompress X-Kannel-Compresscoding X-Kannel-Coding. If unset, defaults to 0 (7 bits) if Content-Type is text/plain , text/html or text/vnd.wap.wml. On application/octet-stream, defaults to 8 bits (1). All other Content-Type values are rejected.validity X-Kannel-Validitydeferred X-Kannel-Deferreddlr-mask X-Kannel-DLR-Maskdlr-url X-Kannel-DLR-Urlaccount X-Kannel-Accountpid X-Kannel-PIDalt-dcs X-Kannel-Alt-DCSbinfo X-Kannel-BInforpi X-Kannel-RPIpriority X-Kannel-Priority Kannel can do POST if service is contains a post-url="...". Parameter (escape code) equivalent X-Kannel Header Notes %p (from) X-Kannel-From Only sent if send-sender is true %P (to) X-Kannel-To %t (time) X-Kannel-Time %u (udh) X-Kannel-UDH in hex format: 06050415820000%i (smsc) X-Kannel-SMSC - (mclass) X-Kannel-MClass - (pid) X-Kannel-PID - (alt-dcs) X-Kannel-Alt-DCS - (mwi) X-Kannel-MWI %c (coding) X-Kannel-Coding 0=7 Bits, 1=8 Bits, 2=UCS-2- (compress) X-Kannel-Compress - (validity) X-Kannel-Validity - (deferred) X-Kannel-Deferred %n (service name) X-Kannel-Service %a or %r (text) request body Kannel send all words (%a) unless strip-keyword is true%C (charset) present in Content-Type HTTP Example: Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Kannel can send and receive XML POST with the following format: <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE ...> <message> <submit> <da><number>destination number (to)</number></da> <oa><number>originating number (from)</number></oa> <ud>user data (text)</ud> <udh>user data header (udh)</udh> <dcs> <mclass>mclass</mclass> <coding>coding</coding> <mwi>mwi</mwi> <compress>compress</compress> <alt-dcs>alt-dcs</alt-dcs> </dcs> <pid>pid</pid> <rpi>rpi</rpi> <vp> <delay>validity time in minutes</delay> </vp> <timing> <delay>deferred time in minutes</delay> </timing> <statusrequest> <dlr-mask>dlr-mask</dlr-mask> <dlr-url>dlr-url</dlr-url> </statusrequest> <!-- request from Kannel to application --> <from> <user>username</user> <username>username</username> <pass>password</pass> <password>password</password> <account>account</account> </from> <to>smsc-id</to> <!-- request from application to Kannel --> <from>smsc-id</from> <to>service-name</to> </submit> </message> Don't forget to set POST Content-Type to text/xml! There could be several da entries for sendsms-user to enable multi-recipient messages. da doesn't make sense in sms-service. udh is the same format as X-Kannel-UDH. Example: <udh>06050415820000</udh>. On Kannel->application, from is the smsc-id that message arrives and to is the service name. On application->Kannel, from contains the credentials ( user/username, pass/password and account and to corresponds to the smsc-id to submit the message. user and username are equivalent and only one of them should be used. (same for pass and password. When application POST in Kannel, as in GET, only user, pass and da are required. Everything else is optional. (oa could be needed too is there's no default-sender or forced-sender. This is experimental code. XML format could and should change to fully met IETF's sms-xml standard (yet in draft) and additional tags needed by Kannel should be pondered. To enable an SMS push, you must set sendsms-port into the 'smsbox' group and define one or more 'sendsms-user' groups. Each of these groups define one account, which can be used for the SMS push, via HTTP interface (see below) Variable Value Description group (m) sendsms-user This is a mandatory variable username (m) string Name for the user/account. password (m) string Password for the user (see HTTP interface, below) name string As in 'sms-service' groups. user-deny-ip IP-list As other deny/allow IP lists, but for this user (i.e. this user is not allowed to do the SMS push HTTP request from other IPs than allowed ones). If not set, there is no limitations. user-allow-IP IP-listforced-smsc string Force SMSC ID as a 'string' (linked to SMS routing, see 'smsc' groups) default-smsc string If no SMSC ID is given with the send-sms request (see below), use this one. No idea to use with forced-smsc. default-sender phone-number This number is set as sender if not set by from get/post parameter faked-sender phone-number As in 'sms-service' groups max-messages numberconcatenation boolsplit-chars stringsplit-suffix stringomit-empty boolheader stringfooter stringallowed-prefix prefix-list A list of phone number prefixes which are accepted to be sent using this username. Multiple entries are separated with semicolon (';'). For example, "040;050" prevents sending of any SMS message with prefix of 040 or 050 through this SMSC. If denied-prefix is unset, only this numbers are allowed. If set, number are allowed if present in allowed or not in denied list. denied-prefix prefix-list A list of phone number prefixes which are NOT accepted to be sent using this username. white-list URL Load a list of accepted destinations of SMS messages. If a destination of an SMS message is not in this list, any message received from the HTTP interface is rejected. See notes of phone number format from numhash.h header file. black-list URL As white-list, but SMS messages from these numbers are automatically rejected. dlr-url URL URL to be fetched if a dlr-mask CGI parameter is present. allowed-prefix-regex POSIX regular expression A set of phone numbers which are accepted to be sent using this username. See section on regular expressions for details. denied-prefix-regex POSIX regular expression A set of phone numbers which may not send using this username. See section on regular expressions for details. white-list-regex POSIX regular expression Defines a set of accepted destinations of SMS messages. If a destination of an SMS message is not in this list, any message received from the HTTP interface is rejected. See section on regular expressions for details. black-list-regex POSIX regular expression As white-list-regex, but SMS messages originating from a number matching the pattern are discarded. See section on regular expressions for details. Some sample 'sendsms-user' groups: group = sendsms-user username = simple password = elpmis group = sendsms-user username = complex password = 76ftY user-deny-ip = "*.*.*.*" user-allow-ip = "123.234.123.234" max-messages = 3 concatenation = true forced-smsc = SOL The second one is very limited and only allows a user from IP "123.234.123.234". On the other hand, the user can send a longer message, up to 3 SMSes long, which is sent as concatenated SMS. To enable Over-The-Air configuration of phones or other client devices that support the protocol you need to configure a sendsms-user.ota-setting group is not necessary, you can send settings to the phone as a XML document, but this method is perhaps more suitable for continuous provisioning. If you want to send multiple OTA configurations through the smsbox and you do not want to send XML documents, you will have to declare a ota-id string to the different ota-setting groups. Variable Value Description group ota-setting This is a mandatory variable ota-id string An optional name or id for the ota-setting. Any string is acceptable, but semicolon ';' may cause problems, so avoid it and any other special non-alphabet characters. location URL The address of the HTTP server for your WAP services, i.e. http://wap.company.com service string Description of the service ipaddress IP IP address of your WAP gateway phonenumber phone-number Phone number used to establish the PPP connection speed number Connection speed: 9600 or 14400. Defaults to 9600. bearer string Bearer type: data or sms. Defaults to data. calltype string Call type: isdn or analog. Defaults to isdn. connection string Connection type: cont or temp. Cont uses TCP port 9201 and Temp uses UDP port 9200. Defaults to cont. pppsecurity on or off Enable CHAP authentication if set to on, PAP otherwise authentication normal or secure. Indicates whether WTLS should be used or not. Defaults to normal. login string Login name. secret string Login password A sample 'ota-setting' group: group = ota-setting location = http://wap.company.com service = "Our company's WAP site" ipaddress = 10.11.12.13 phonenumber = 013456789 bearer = data calltype = analog connection = cont pppsecurity = off authentication = normal login = wapusr secret = thepasswd And a 'sendsms-user' to use with it. With concatenation enabled: group = sendsms-user username = otauser password = foo max-messages = 2 concatenation = 1 Variable Value Description group ota-bookmark This is a mandatory variable ota-id string An optional name or id for the ota-bookmark. Any string is acceptable, but semicolon ';' may cause problems, so avoid it and any other special non-alphabet characters. url URL The address of the HTTP server for your WAP services, i.e. http://wap.company.com name string Description of the service A sample 'ota-bookmark' group: group = ota-bookmark ota-id = wap-link url = "http://wap.company.com" service = "Our company's WAP site" And a 'sendsms-user' to use with it, with the same conditions as for the 'ota-setting' group. The basic service system is very limited - it can only answer to original requester and it cannot send UDH data, for example. This chapter explains some more sophisticated and complex SMS service setups. The basic service system always sends the answer back to original requester, but sometimes the content server needs to send something to other terminals or delay the answer. To create such systems, an SMS push is used. The idea is to get the initial request, but then send no reply. Instead, the reply (if any) is sent via HTTP sendsms-interface as SMS Push. This way the service application has full control of the return content, and can do all needed formatting beforehand. Note that when no reply is wanted, remember to set the variable max-messages to zero (0) so that no reply is sent, unless an error occurs. Simple sample: group = sms-service keyword = talk get-url = "http://my.applet.machine/Servlet/talk?sender=%p&text=%r" max-messages = 0 Those running Kannel with several SMS centers might need to define services according to the relying SMS center. To achieve this, first you need to give an ID name for SMS center connections (see above). Then use the accepted-smsc variable to define which messages can use that service. group = sms-service keyword = weather accepted-smsc = SOL get-url = "http://my.applet.machine/Servlet/weather?sender=%p&operator=SOL&text=%r" Sometimes there is a need for Kannel to listen to two (or more) distinct SMS centers, and messages must be routed to services according to where they came from, and replies likewise must return to same SMSC. This is done via smsc-id magic. Here is a shortened sample configuration, which handles to distinct SMS servers and services: group = smsc smsc-id = A denied-smsc-id = B ... group = smsc smsc-id = B denied-smsc-id = A ... group = sms-service accepted-smsc = A get-url = "..." group = sms-service accepted-smsc = B get-url = "..." As can be seen, the smsc-id is used to identify the SMS center from which the message came. Then, the denied-smsc-id variable is used to prevent messages originally from the other SMS center from being sent through the other one. Finally 'sms-service' groups are defined with accepted-smsc so that they only accept messages from certain SMS center. If you want to use SMS push services, requesters should then set the smsc request parameter, or 'sendsms-user' groups should be defined like this: group = sendsms-user username = operator_A password = foo forced-smsc = A group = sendsms-user username = operator_B password = bar forced-smsc = B Note that if your SMS centers do not set the sender phone number but rely on number transmitted, you should set faked-sender to all 'sendsms-user' groups. After you have configured Kannel to allow the sendsms service, you can send SMS messages via HTTP, e.g., using a WWW browser. The URL looks something like this: http://smsbox.host.name:13013/cgi-bin/sendsms? username=foo&password=bar&to=0123456&text=Hello+world Thus, technically, you make an HTTP GET request. This means that all the information is stuffed into the URL. If you want to use this often via a browser, you probably want to make an HTML form for this. Kannel will answer to sendsms request with following codes and body texts: Status Body Meaning 202 0: Accepted for delivery The message has been accepted and is delivered onward to a SMSC driver. Note that this status does not ensure that the intended recipient receives the message. 202 3: Queued for later delivery The bearerbox accepted and stored the message, but there was temporarily no SMSC driver to accept the message so it was queued. However, it should be delivered later on. 4xx (varies) There was something wrong in the request or Kannel was so configured that the message cannot be in any circumstances delivered. Check the request and Kannel configuration. 503 Temporal failure, try again later. There was temporal failure in Kannel. Try again later. username (or user) string Username or account name. Must be username of the one 'sendsms-user' group in the Kannel configuration, or results in 'Authorization failed' reply. password (or pass) string Password associated with given username. Must match corresponding field in the 'sendsms-user' group of the Kannel configuration, or 'Authorization failed' is returned. from string Phone number of the sender. This field is usually overridden by the SMS Center, or it can be overridden by faked-sender variable in the sendsms-user group. If this variable is not set, smsbox global-sender is used. to phone number list Phone number of the receiver. To send to multiple receivers, separate each entry with space (' ', '+' url-encoded) - but note that this can be deactivated via sendsms-chars in the 'smsbox' group. text string Contents of the message, URL encoded as necessary. The content can be more than 160 characters, but then sendsms-user group must have max-messages set more than 1. charset string Charset of text message. Used to convert to a format suitable for 7 bits or to UCS-2. Defaults to WINDOWS-1252 if coding is 7bits and UTF-16BE if coding is UCS-2. udh string Optional User Data Header (UDH) part of the message. Must be URL encoded. smsc string Optional virtual smsc-id from which the message is supposed to have arrived. This is used for routing purposes, if any denied or preferred SMS centers are set up in SMS center configuration. This variable can be overridden with a forced-smsc configuration variable. Likewise, the default-smsc variable can be used to set the SMSC if it is not set otherwise. flash number Deprecated. See mclass. mclass number Optional. Sets the Message Class in DCS field. Accepts values between 0 and 3, for Message Class 0 to 3, A value of 0 sends the message directly to display, 1 sends to mobile, 2 to SIM and 3 to SIM toolkit. mwi number Optional. Sets Message Waiting Indicator bits in DCS field. If given, the message will be encoded as a Message Waiting Indicator. The accepted values are 0,1,2 and 3 for activating the voice, fax, email and other indicator, or 4,5,6,7 for deactivating, respectively. This option excludes the flash option. To set number of messages, use mwi=[0-3]&coding=0&udh=%04%01%02%<XX>%<YY>, where YY are the number of messages, in HEX, and XX are mwi plus 0xC0 if text field is not empty. compress number Optional. Sets the Compression bit in DCS Field. coding number Optional. Sets the coding scheme bits in DCS field. Accepts values 0 to 2, for 7bit, 8bit or UCS-2. If unset, defaults to 7 bits unless a udh is defined, which sets coding to 8bits. validity number (minutes) Optional. If given, Kannel will inform SMS Center that it should only try to send the message for this many minutes. If the destination mobile is off other situation that it cannot receive the sms, the smsc discards the message. Note: you must have your Kannel box time synchronized with the SMS Center. deferred number (minutes) Optional. If given, the SMS center will postpone the message to be delivered at now plus this many minutes. Note: you must have your Kannel box time synchronized with the SMS Center. dlrmask number (bit mask) Deprecated. See dlr-mask. dlr-mask number (bit mask) Optional. Request for delivery reports with the state of the sent message. The value is a bit mask composed of: 1: Delivered to phone, 2: Non-Delivered to Phone, 4: Queued on SMSC, 8: Delivered to SMSC, 16: Non-Delivered to SMSC. Must set dlr-url on sendsms-user group or use the dlr-url CGI variable. dlrurl string (url) Deprecated. See dlr-url. dlr-url string (url) Optional. If dlr-mask is given, this is the url to be fetched. (Must be url-encoded) pid byte Optional. Sets the PID value. (See ETSI Documentation). Ex: SIM Toolkit messages would use something like &pid=127&coding=1&alt-dcs=1&mclass=3 alt-dcs number Optional. If unset, Kannel uses the alt-dcs defined on smsc configuration, or 0X per default. If equals to 1, uses FX. If equals to 0, force 0X. rpi number Optional. Sets the Return Path Indicator (RPI) value. (See ETSI Documentation). account string Optional. Account name or number to carry forward for billing purposes. This field is logged as ACT in the log file so it allows you to do some accounting on it if your front end uses the same username for all services but wants to distinguish them in the log. In the case of a HTTP SMSC type the account name is prepended with the service-name (username) and a colon (:) and forwarded to the next instance of Kannel. This allows hierarchical accounting. binfo string Optional. Billing identifier/information proxy field used to pass arbitrary billing transaction IDs or information to the specific SMSC modules. For EMI2 this is encapsulated into the XSer 0c field, for SMPP this is encapsulated into the service_type of the submit_sm PDU. priority number Optional. Sets the Priority value (range 0-3 is allowed). OTA messages can be sent to mobile phones or devices to auto-configure the settings for WAP. They are actually complex SMS messages with UDH and sent as concatenated messages if too long (and compiled if necessary). You may either pass an HTTP request as GET method or POST method to the HTTP interface. If you want to send a configuration that is defined within Kannel's configuration file itself you have to pass a valid ota-id value otherwise the content of the request will be compiled to as OTA message. Here is an example XML document (this one contains CSD settings for logging in to a mobile service; note that you must store DTD locally): <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE CHARACTERISTIC-LIST SYSTEM "file:///gw/settings.dtd"> <CHARACTERISTIC-LIST> <CHARACTERISTIC TYPE="ADDRESS"> <PARM NAME="BEARER" VALUE="GSM/CSD"/> <PARM NAME="PROXY" VALUE="10.11.12.13"/> <PARM NAME="PORT" VALUE="9201"/> <PARM NAME="CSD_DIALSTRING" VALUE="+12345678"/> <PARM NAME="PPP_AUTHTYPE" VALUE="PAP"/> <PARM NAME="PPP_AUTHNAME" VALUE="yourusername"/> <PARM NAME="PPP_AUTHSECRET" VALUE="yourauthsecret"/> <PARM NAME="CSD_CALLTYPE" VALUE="ISDN"/> <PARM NAME="CSD_CALLSPEED" VALUE="9600"/> </CHARACTERISTIC> <CHARACTERISTIC TYPE="URL" VALUE="http://wap.company.com/"/> <CHARACTERISTIC TYPE="NAME"> <PARM NAME="NAME" VALUE="Your WAP Company"/> </CHARACTERISTIC> </CHARACTERISTIC-LIST> A bookmark document looks like this: <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE CHARACTERISTIC_LIST SYSTEM "file:///gw/settings.dtd"> <CHARACTERISTIC-LIST> <CHARACTERISTIC TYPE="BOOKMARK"> <PARM NAME="NAME" VALUE="WAP Company"/> <PARM NAME="URL" VALUE="http://wap.company.com/"/> </CHARACTERISTIC> </CHARACTERISTIC-LIST> Document type definition (DTD) for these documents is not available from Internet, you must supply it as a file. Kannel gw directory contains an example, settings.dtd. Used for the provisioning of sync configuration to SyncMl enabled handsets. Best supported by sonyericcsson terminals. Sample syncsettings documents to set contacts, connection data and authentication: <SyncSettings> <Version>1.0</Version> <HostAddr>http://syncml.server.com</HostAddr> <RemoteDB> <CTType>text/x-vcard</CTType> <CTVer>2.1</CTVer> <URI>contact</URI> <Name>Address Book</Name> </RemoteDB> <Name>Synchonization</Name> <Auth> <AuthLevel>1</AuthLevel> <AuthScheme>1</AuthScheme> <Username>yourusername</Username> <Cred>passwordbase64encoded</Cred> </Auth> </SyncSettings> OMA provisioning allows the configuration of a wider range of settings than previously available in OTA terminals. Refer to OMA-WAP-ProvCont-v1_1-20021112-C (at http://www.openmobilealliance.org/tech/docs/) for details. A shared secret (i.e. a pin or the phone IMSI) can be used to authenticate the settings. Defaults are 'userpin' and '1234' a. See the cgi variables 'sec' and 'pin' for available authentication options. An example URL (OTA configuration defined in the Kannel configuration file): http://smsbox.host.name:13013/cgi-bin/sendota? otaid=myconfig&username=foo&password=bar&to=0123456 URL containing XML document looks like this (you must URL encode it before sending it over HTTP): http://smsbox.host.name:13013/cgi-bin/sendota? username=foo&password=bar&to=0123456& text=MyURLEncodedXMLdocument&type=settings You can send either settings, bookmark, syncsettings, or oma-settings, set CGI variable type accordingly. Default for this variable is settings. otaid string Name or ID of the 'ota-setting' group in Kannel configuration that should be sent to the phone. This variable is optional. If it is not given the first 'ota-setting' group is sent. This is unnecessary when a XML document is send to the phone. username string Username of the 'sendsms-user' group in Kannel configuration, that has been configured to send OTA messages. password string Password associated with given username. Must match corresponding field in 'sendsms-user' group in Kannel configuration, or 'Authorization failed' is returned. to number Number of the phone that is to receive the OTA configuration message. from string Phone number of the sender. This field is usually overridden by the SMS Center, or it can be overridden by faked-sender variable in the sendsms-user group. If this variable is not set, smsbox global-sender is used. smsc string Optional virtual smsc-id from which the message is supposed to have arrived. This is used for routing purposes, if any denied or preferred SMS centers are set up in SMS center configuration. This variable can be overridden with a forced-smsc configuration variable. Likewise, the default-smsc variable can be used to set the SMSC if it is not set otherwise. text XML document An URL encoded XML document, containing either settings or bookmarks. type string Type of the XML document, supported values are "settings", "bookmarks", "syncsettings", and "oma-settings". Default is "settings". sec string Security model used to authenticate oma-settings. One of: "userpin", "netwpin", "usernetwpin", or "userpinmac". pin number Authentication token. This chapter explains how to set up a push proxy gateway (PPG). An example configuration file are given. A working push proxy gateway is described. Routing wap pushes to a certain smsc and asking for SMS level delivery reports are described. PPG configuration group defines gateway's service interface. Configuring a PPG working with a trusted PI is easiest. Actually, you need no configuration at all: in this case a PPG with default values will be set up. Do not rely on this, default values may change. For PPG core configuration variables, see table 7.1. An example of a core configuration for PPG working only with specific addresses follows. Note that ppg-deny-ip-list is not actually necessary, but does make configuring simpler: IPs here are always denied, even when they are mentioned in the allowed IPs list. Ppg-url is a simple stamp, used for routing requests to the right service. You can change this stamp by setting push-url configuration variable. group = ppg ppg-url = /wappush ppg-port = 8080 concurrent-pushes = 100 users = 1024 ppg-allow-ip = 194.100.32.125;127.0.0.1 ppg-deny-ip = 194.100.32.89;194.100.32.103 trusted-pi = false Variable Value Description group ppg Mandatory value. Tells that we are configuring the PPG group. ppg-port number The port PPG is listening at. Default 8080. ppg-ssl-port (o) number Mandatory value for PPG HTTPS support. The port at which PPG listens for HTTPS requests. There are no defaults; you must set the value separately. ssl-server-cert-file string Mandatory value for PPG HTTPS support. The file containing server's ssl certificate. ssl-server-key-file string Mandatory value for PPG HTTPS support. The file containing server's ssl private key. ppg-url url URL locating PPG services. Default /wappush . global-sender string Sender phone number required by some protocols. concurrent-pushes number Number of concurrent pushes expected. Note that PPG does work even value is too low; it will only be slower. Default 100. users number Number of actually configured user accounts. Note that PPG does work even value is too low; it will only be slower. Default 1024. trusted-pi boolean If true, PI does authentication for PPG. Obviously, both of them must reside inside same firewall. Default true. If this variable is true, all security variables are ignored (even though they may be present). ppg-deny-ip ip-list PPG will not accept pushes from these IPs. Wild-cards are allowed. If this attribute is missing, no IP is denied by this list . ppg-allow-ip ip-list PPG will accept pushes from these, and only these, IPs. Wild-cards are allowed. Adding this list means that IPs not mentioned are denied, too. default-smsc string If no SMSC ID is given with the wappush HTTP request (see below), use this one as default route for all push messages. default-dlr string If no dlr url is given with the wappush HTTP request (see below), use this one as default route for all push messages. ppg-smsbox-id string All ppg delivery reports are handled by this smsbox. This routes all DLR messages inside beaerbox to the specified smsbox for processing the HTTP requests to the DLR-URL. service-name string This is sms service name used by smsbox for wap push. default-dlr string If no dlr url is given with the wappush HTTP request (see below), use this one as default route for all push messages. service-name string This is sms service name used by smsbox for wap push.. concatenation boolean Segment wap push binary sms. Default on. You need not normally set this value. max-messages integer Maximum number of sm messages generated. Default 10. You need not set this variable, expect when your push documents are very long. In addition of pi lists similar to the core group, ppg configuration specific to a certain user contains variables used for authentication and enforcing restrictions to phone numbers pi may contact. All variables are elaborated in table 7.2. As an example, let us see how to configure a ppg user (a pi, named here 'picom') allowed to send pushes only from a specified ip. group = wap-push-user wap-push-user = picom ppg-username = foo ppg-password = bar allow-ip = 62.254.217.163 It goes without saying that in real systems you must use more complex passwords than bar. Variable Value Description group wap-push-user Mandatory value. Tells that we are configuring the users group. wap-push-user string (More) human readable name of an user. ppg-username string Username for this user. ppg-password string Password for this user. allowed-prefix number-list Phone number prefixes allowed in pushes coming from this pi. These prefixes must conform international phone number format. denied-prefix number-list Phone number prefixes denied in pushes coming from this pi. These prefixes must conform international phone number format. white-list url Defines an url where from the white-list can be fetched. White list itself contains list of phone numbers accepting pushes from this pi. black-list url Defines an url where from the blacklist can be fetched. Blacklist itself contains list of phone number not accepting pushes from this pi. allow-ip ip-list Defines IPs where from this pi can do pushes. Adding this list means that IPs not mentioned are denied. deny-ip ip-list Defines IPs where from this pi cannot do pushes. IPs not mentioned in either list are denied, too. default-smsc string If no SMSC ID is given with the wappush HTTP request (see below), use this one as default route for this specific push user. forced-smsc string Allow only routing to a defined SMSC ID for this specific push user. dlr-url string If no dlr is given with the wappush HTTP request (see below), use this one as default route for this specific push user. smsbox-id string Smsbox handling delivery reports fro this user. forced-smsc string Allow only routing to a defined SMSC ID for this specific push user. white-list-regex POSIX regular expression Defines the set of phone-numbers accepting pushes from this pi. See section on regular expressions for details. black-list-regex POSIX regular expression Defines the set of phone-numbers rejecting pushes from this pi. See section on regular expressions for details. allowed-prefix-regex POSIX regular expression Set of phone number prefixes allowed in pushes coming from this pi. See section on regular expressions for details. denied-list-regex POSIX regular expression Set of phone number prefixes denied in pushes coming from this pi. See section on regular expressions for details. PPG uses SMS for sending SI to the phone and an IP bearer to fetch content specified by it (see chapter Overview of WAP Push). This means both wapbox and bearer smsc connections are in use. So your push proxy gateway configuration file must contain groups core, wapbox, smsc and smsbox. These are configured normal way, only smsc group may have push-specific variables. Note that following configurations are only an example, you may need more complex ones. Bearerbox setup does not require any new variables: group = core admin-port = 13000 smsbox-port = 13001 wapbox-port = 13002 admin-password = b wdp-interface-name = "*" log-file = "filename" log-level = 1 box-deny-ip = "*.*.*.*" box-allow-ip = "127.0.0.1" unified-prefix = "00358,0" You must set up wapbox, for pulling (fetching) the wap data, and of course starting the push itself. No new variables here, either. group = wapbox bearerbox-host = localhost log-file = "filename" log-level = 0 syslog-level = none To set up smsc connections, for pushing SI or SL over SMS. Here HTTP SMSC is used as an example. Variables no-sender and no-coding simplify HTTP request generated by Kannel. Send-url specifies content gateway, or sendsms service. group = smsc smsc = http smsc-id = HTTP port = 10000 system-type = kannel smsc-username = foo smsc-password = bar no-sender = true no-coding = true send-url = http://host:port/path To set up smsbox. This is used for ppg delivery reports, see later. group = smsbox bearerbox-host = localhost smsbox-id = dlrbox Kannel sources contain a sample push configuration file gw/pushkannel.conf. Push proxy gateway is started by simply typing, using separate windows: gw/bearerbox [config-file] gw/wapbox [config-file] You can, of course, use more complex command line options. An easy way to test and implement push services is to put ppg in the front of an existing sendsms service capable to send SMS data messages and to understand HTTP requests generated by HTTP SMSC. (See next chapter.) Then you need only configure SMSC configuration send-url to point to sendsms service. Service indication (SI) should work with all types of phones, service loading does not. URL to be loaded is the main content of the document in both cases, however. Here an example (this is a minimum si document, not usable for testing, probably, but you want PPG to generate only one one SM per SI, if at all possible): <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE si PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD SI 1.0//EN" "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/si.dtd"> <si> <indication href="http://www.gni.ch" si-id="1@gni.ch"> You have 4 new emails </indication> </si> Note following points: a) Every SI must have different si-id. If there are none, href is used as an (very unsatisfactory) id. b) this si should not interrupt the phone's current action. HTTP SMSC generates a HTTP get request when it get a send-message event, expressed in Unicode. The content gateway, or the sendsms service must, of course, understand this URL. So here is an example, cgi variable text contains the url escaped form of a SI document. It is usable for testing prototype phones. http://matrix:8080/phplib/kannelgw.php?user=*deleted*& pass=*deleted*=to=%2B358408676001&text=3D%02%06%17%AE%96localhost %3A8080%00%AF%80%8D%CF%B4%80%02%05j%00E%C6%0C%03wap.iobox.fi%00%11%03 1%40wiral.com%00%07%0A%C3%07%19%99%06%25%15%23%15%10%C3%04+%02%060%01 %03Want+to+test+a+fetch%3F%00%01%01&udh=%06%05%04%0B%84%23%F0 If network and bearer attributes of the pap control document are missing or set any, Kannel uses address type for routing purposes: if the address type is a phone number (TYPE=PLMN), network defaults to GSM and bearer to SMS; if it is a IP-address (TYPE=IPv4), network defaults to GSM and bearer to CSD. So following minimal pap document works: <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE pap PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD PAP//EN" "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/pap_1.0.dtd"> <pap> <push-message push-id="9fjeo39jf084@pi.com"> <address address-value="WAPPUSH=+358408676001/TYPE=PLMN@ppg.carrier.com"/> </push-message> </pap> This chapter recapitulates Kannel headers used by ppg. PPG uses many Kannel headers. These are very similar as ones used by smsbox. (Both send sms to to the phone, after all.) Variable Value DescriptionX-Kannel-SMSC string Name of smsc used to deliver this push. Smsc configuration must contain some of corresponding variables, see X-Kannel-DLR-URL url Url smsbox would call this url when doing the delivery report. Note that it can contain all Kannel escapes. See table 6.7 for details.X-Kannel-DLR-Mask number Mask telling smsbox when it should do the delivery reports. Values are same as used by smsbox, see chapter Delivery Reports for details.X-Kannel-Smsbox-Id string Tells which smsbox does the delivery report. Smsbox configuration must contain corresponding variable. Push content is a normal binary SM, so you can ask delivery reports for them. These are useful for testing purposes (did the phone get the content at all, or did it just reject it.) Another use is create fall-back services for phones not supporting displaying a specific push content. (MMS one being perhaps currently most obvious.) Generally speaking, this service is very similar to smsbox one. See chapter Delivery Reports for details. For ppg sms delivery reports you will need a fully working smsbox. Add configuration variable smsbox-id to smsbox group (it is necessary, because there is no MT from any smsbox corresponding the delivery report bearerbox is receiving): group = smsbox smsbox-id = dlrbox bearerbox-host = localhost log-file = "/var/log/kannel/smsbox-core.log" log-level = 0 access-log = "/var/log/kannel/smsbox-access.log" Start smsbox normal way after updating the configuration file. You must add to PPG configuration file two less obvious variables: ppg-smsbox-id and service-name. Ppg-smsbox-id defines smsbox through which you want to route delivery reports, service-name makes possible for smsbox to handle wap pushes as a separate sms service. Setting ppg-smsbox-id will route all ppg messages through same smsbox. You can route delivery reports of separate user through separate smsboxes, by using configuration variable smsbox-id in group wap push user. Or you can use X-Kannel-Smsbox-Id . This means routing every message separately. You can supply dlr url and dlr mask as kannel header, or as a configuration variable in ppg user or ppg core group. (This is order of precedence, too.) First one is valid for only one message, second for a specific user, and third for every ppg user. So following is a minimum ppg core group for sms delivery reports: group = ppg ppg-url = /wappush ppg-port = 8080 concurrent-pushes = 100 trusted-pi = true users = 1024 service-name = ppg ppg-smsbox-id = dlrbox And you can add Kannel headers to http post request. Here an example code snippet (C using Kannel gwlib; this example asks for all possible delivery reports). http_header_add(push_headers, "X-Kannel-SMSC", "link0"); http_header_add(push_headers, "X-Kannel-DLR-Url", "http://193.53.0.56:8001/notification-dlr?smsc-id=%i" "&status=%d&answer=%A&to=%P&from=%p&ts=%t"); http_header_add(push_headers, "X-Kannel-DLR-Mask", octstr_get_cstr(dos = octstr_format("%d", 31))); http_header_add(push_headers, "X-Kannel-Smsbox-Id", "dlrbox")); Here status=%d tells the type of the delivery report and answer=%A the delivery report itself (sms content of it). Other ones are needed to map delivery report to original wap push. With these you can use with following http post request http://193.53.0.56:8080/phplib/kannelgw.php?user=*deleted*& pass=*deleted*=to=%2B358408676001&text=3D%02%06%17%AE%96localhost %3A8080%00%AF%80%8D%CF%B4%80%02%05j%00E%C6%0C%03wap.iobox.fi%00%11%03 1%40wiral.com%00%07%0A%C3%07%19%99%06%25%15%23%15%10%C3%04+%02%060%01 %03Want+to+test+a+fetch%3F%00%01%01&udh=%06%05%04%0B%84%23%F0 Note that you can use all sms service escapes in dlrurl, see Parameters (Escape Codes) for details. If you want to set dlr url for a specific user, you must set configuration variable dlr-urlin wap-push-user, if for entire ppg, default-dlr-url in group ppg. Value must naturally match with one used in group smsc. This chapter explains how to route wap push to a specific smsc. Smsc routing for wap pushes is similar to sms pushes. So, firstly you must define configuration variable smsc-id in smsc group (or groups) in question. Say you used value link0. You can send this as a Kannel header: http_header_add(push_headers, "X-Kannel-SMSC", "link0"); Then you can issue a request: http://193.53.0.56:8080/phplib/kannelgw.php?user=*deleted*& pass=*deleted*=to=%2B358408676001&text=3D%02%06%17%AE%96localhost %3A8080%00%AF%80%8D%CF%B4%80%02%05j%00E%C6%0C%03wap.iobox.fi%00%11%03 1%40wiral.com%00%07%0A%C3%07%19%99%06%25%15%23%15%10%C3%04+%02%060%01 %03Want+to+test+a+fetch%3F%00%01%01&udh=%06%05%04%0B%84%23%F0 You can use configuration variables to route all messages of a specific user or all ppg messages. Set default-smsc in group wap-push-user or in group ppg. Again precedence of various methods of setting the smsc is kannel header, then configuration variable in group wap push user and then in group ppg. This chapter explains how you can use SSL to ensure secure HTTP communication on both, client and server side. Beware that the gateway, is acting in both roles of the HTTP model: as HTTP client, i.e. for requesting URLs while acting as WAP gateway and while fetching information for the SMS services. as HTTP server, i.e. for the administration HTTP interface, the PPG and for the sendsms HTTP interface. That is why you can specify separate certification files within the core group to be used for the HTTP sides. You can use one or both sides of the SSL support. There is no mandatory to use both if only one is desired. To use the client support please use the following configuration directive within the core group group = core ... ssl-client-certkey-file = "filename" Now you are able to use https:// scheme URLs within your WML decks and SMS services. To use the SSL-enabled HTTP server please use the following configuration directive within the core group group = core ... admin-port-ssl = true ... ssl-server-cert-file = "filename" ssl-server-key-file = "filename" To use the SSL-enabled HTTP server please use the following configuration directive within the core and smsbox groups group = core ... ssl-server-cert-file = "filename" ssl-server-key-file = "filename" group = smsbox ... sendsms-port-ssl = true If you want use PAP over HTTPS, (it is, a https scheme) add following directives to the ppg core group: group = ppg ... ppg-ssl-port = 8090 ssl-server-cert-file = "/etc/kannel/cert1.pem" ssl-server-key-file = "/etc/kannel/key1.pem" PPG uses a separate port for HTTPS traffic, so so you must define it. This means that you can use both HTTP and HTTPS, when needed. This chapter explains how to set up Kannel to deliver delivery reports. Delivery reports are a method to tell your system if the message has arrived on the destination phone. There are different things which can happen to a message on the way to the phone which are: Message gets rejected by the SMSC (unknown subscriber, invalid destination number etc). Message gets accepted by the SMSC but the phone rejects the message. Message gets accepted by the SMSC but the phone is off or out of reach. The message gets buffered. Message gets successfully delivered. If you want to use delivery reports, you must define a smsc-id for each smsc group. When you deliver SMS to Kannel you have to indicate what kind of delivery report messages you would like to receive back from the system. The delivery report types currently implemented are: 1: delivery success 2: delivery failure 4: message buffered 8: smsc submit 16: smsc reject If you want multiple report types, you simply add the values together. For example if you want to get delivery success and/or failure you set the dlr-mask value to 1+2. and so on. If you specify dlr-mask on the URL you pass on to Kannel you also need to specify dlr-url. dlr-url should contain the URL to which Kannel should place a HTTP requests once the delivery report is ready to be delivered back to your system. An example transaction would work as following. 1. you send a message using dlr-mask=7 and dlr-url=http://www.xyz.com/cgi/dlr.php?type=%d 2. Kannel forwards the message to the SMSC and keeps track of the message 3. The SMSC can not reach the phone and thus returns a buffered message 4. Kannel calls http://www.xyz.com/cgi/dlr.php?type=4 to indicate the message being buffered 5. The phone is switched on and the SMS gets delivered from the SMSC. The SMSC reports this to Kannel 6. Kannel calls http://www.xyz.com/cgi/dlr.php?type=1 to indicate the final success Depending on the SMSC type not all type of messages are supported. For example a CIMD SMSC does not support buffered messages. Also some SMSC drivers have not implemented all DLR types. This chapter explains where to find help with problems related to the gateway, and the preferred procedure for reporting bugs and sending corrections to them. The Kannel development mailing list is devel@kannel.org. To subscribe, send mail to devel-subscribe@kannel.org. This is currently the best location for asking help and reporting bugs. Please include configuration file and version number. This appendix includes pertinent information about required changes on upgrades. 1. at module was dropped and at2 module is now called at 2. emi module was renamed to emi_x25, emi_ip sub-module was dropped and emi2 is now called emi. This appendix explains how to use the fake WAP sender to test the gateway. Fakesmsc is a simple testing tool to test out Kannel and its SMS services. It cannot be used to send messages to mobile terminals, it is just a simulated SMS center with no connection to real terminals. This section sums up needed steps to set up system for fakesmsc use. The fake SMS center should compile at the same time as main Kannel compiles. The outcome binary, fakesmsc, is in test directory. The source code is quite simple and trivial, and is easily edited. To use fakesmsc to test out Kannel, you have to add it to main configuration file (see above). The simplest form for this configuration group is like this: group = smsc smsc = fake port = 10000 The fakesmsc configuration group accepts all common 'smsc' configuration group variables, like smsc-id, preferred-smsc-id or denied-smsc-id, which can be used to test out routing systems and diverted services, before setting up real SMS center connections. If you include a fakesmsc group when bearerbox is connected to real SMS centers, you should add the connect-allow-ip variable to prevent unauthorized use. To set up multiple fakesmsc'es, just add new groups. Remember to put a different port number to each one. After configuring Kannel, you can start testing it. The bearerbox will listen for fakesmsc client connections to the port(s) specified in the configuration file. Each fakesmsc is started from command line, with all sent messages after command name. If any options are used (see below), they are put between the command and the messages. The usage is as follows: test/fakesmsc [options] <message1> [message2 ...] Options and messages are explained below, but as a quick example, a typical startup can go like this: test/fakesmsc -i 0.1 -m 100 "100 200 text nop" "100 300 text echo this" This tells fakesmsc to connect to bearerbox at localhost:10000 (default) and send a hundred messages with an interval of 0.1 seconds. Each message is from number 100, and is either to number 200 with message 'nop' or to 300 with message 'echo this'. Messages received from bearerbox are shown in the same format (described below). Each message consists of four or five parts: sender number, receiver number, type, udh (if present) and main message itself. Sender and receiver numbers do not mean anything except for log files and number-based routing in Kannel. The parts of a message are separated with spaces. As each message is taken as one argument, it must be put in quotation marks. Message type must be one of the following: "text", "data" and "udh". Here's an example of using each: test/fakesmsc -i 0.01 -v 1 -m 1000 "100 300 text echo this message" test/fakesmsc -i 0.01 -m 1000 "100 300 data echo+these+chars%03%04%7f" test/fakesmsc -m 1 "100 500 udh %0eudh+stuff+here main+message" For "text", the rest of the argument is taken as the literal message. For "data", the next part must be the url-encoded version of the message. Space is coded as '+'. For "udh", the next 2 parts are the UDH and main message. Both must be in url-encoded form. If multiple messages are given, fakesmsc randomly chooses one for each sending. Fake SMS center can be started with various optional command line arguments. Switch Value Description -H host Use host host instead of default localhost. -r port Use port number port instead of default 10000. -i interval Use message interval interval (in seconds, fractions accepted) instead of default interval 1.0 seconds. -m max Send a maximum of max messages. Value -1 means that an unlimited number of messages is sent. Default -1. Using 0 can be useful to listen for messages sent via other channels. In addition, fakesmsc accepts all common Kannel like --verbosity. This appendix explains how to set a test environment for PPG. This contains a simulated SMSC, for instance a http server simulation (this is used as example, because it is simplest) and a simulated push initiator. Between them, there is the push proxy gateway to be tested. This means that you must configure HTTP SMSC. Here is an example of a push control document, which gives PPG instructions how to do the pushing. <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE pap PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD PAP//EN" "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/pap_1.0.dtd"> <pap> <push-message push-id="9fjeo39jf084@pi.com" deliver-before-timestamp="2001-09-28T06:45:00Z" deliver-after-timestamp="2001-02-28T06:45:00Z" progress-notes-requested="false"> <address address-value="WAPPUSH=+358408676001/TYPE=PLMN@ppg.carrier.com"/> <quality-of-service priority="low" delivery-method="unconfirmed" network-required="true" network="GSM" bearer-required="true" bearer="SMS"/> </push-message> </pap> Because the push content is send to the phone over SMS, right value for network-required and bearer-required is true, for network GSM and for bearer SMS. However, you can omit these values altogether, if you use a phone number as an address. Address value is international phone number and it must start with plus. It is used here as an unique identifier, SMSC, or sendsms script must transform it to an usable phone number. Here is an example of Service Indication, a type of push content. Essentially, the phone displays, when it receives this SI, the text "Want to test a fetch" and if the user wants, fetches the content located by URL http://wap.iobox.fi. <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE si PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD SI 1.0//EN" "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/si.dtd"> <si> <indication href="http://wap.iobox.fi" si-id="1@wiral.com" action="signal-high" created="1999-06-25T15:23:15Z" si-expires="2002-06-30T00:00:00Z"> Want to test a fetch? </indication> </si> Note that the date value of the si-expires attribute contains trailing zeroes. They are OK here, because SI tokenizer removes them. But phones does not accept them in the final SMS data message. You should probably use action="signal-high" for testing purposes, for it causes an immediate presentation of the push message. Production usage is a quite another matter. Another example of push content is Service Loading. In principle, the phone should fetch immediately content from URL http://wap.iobox.fi when it receives this document. This sounds quite insecure, and indeed, user invention is probably required before fetching. <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE sl PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD SL 1.0//EN" "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/sl.dtd"> <sl href="http://wap.iobox.fi" action="execute-high"> </sl> PPG test environment contains, in addition of wapbox and bearerbox, two test programs, test_ppg (simulating push initiator) and test_http_server (simulating a SMSC center accepting pushed content send over SMS. You can find both of these programs in test directory, and they both are short and easily editable. To set up a test environment, you must first configure a push proxy gateway (setting flag trusted-pi true makes testing easier). This explained in Chapter "Setting up push proxy gateway". Then issue following commands, in Kannel's root directory and in separate windows: gw/bearerbox [config-file] gw/wapbox [config-file] Of course you can use more complicated wapbox and bearerbox command line options, if necessary. To run a http smsc, start http server simulation: test/test_http_server -p port You can, of course, select the port at will. Remember, though, that PPG listens at the port defined in the ppg configuration file. Other test_http_server options are irrelevant here. Lastly, start making push requests, for instance with a test program test_ppg. Its first argument is a URL specifying location of push services. Other arguments are two file names, first one push content and second one pap control document. (For command line options, see Table C.1.). For example doing one push(you can simplify push url by setting a ppg configuration variable, see "Setting up push proxy gateway"; q flag here prevents dumping of test_ppg program debugging information): test/test_ppg -q http://ppg-host-name:ppg-port/ppg-url [content_file] [control_file] This presumes that you have set trusted-pi true. If you want use authentication in a test environment, you can pass username and password either using headers (setting flag -b) or url (you must have set trusted-pi false and added wap-push-user configuration group): test/test_ppg -q http://ppg-host-name:ppg-port?username=ppg-username'&' password=ppg-password [content_file] [control_file] Switch Value Description -c string Use content qualifier string instead of default si (service indication). Allowed values are wml, si, sl, sia, multipart, nil and scrap. Nil and scrap are used for debugging purposes. Wml does work with some older phone simulators. -a string Use application id string instead of default any. Application identifies the application in the phone that should handle the push request. Sia, ua, mms, nil and scrap are accepted. Nil and scrap are used for debugging purposes. -e string Use transfer encoding when sending a push content. Only base64 is currently supported. -b boolean Use headers for authentication, instead of url. Default off. -i number Wait interval number instead of default 0 between pushes. -r number Do number requests instead of default 1. -t number Use number threads instead of default 1. -s string Use string as a X-WAP-Application-Id header (You must supply whole header). -I string Use string as a X-WAP-Initiator-URI header (You must supply whole header). -B boolean If set, accept binary content. Default is off. 1. -d enumerated string Set delimiter to be used. Acceptable values are crlf and lf. Default is crlf. -p boolean If set, add an preamble (hard-coded one). Default is off. -E boolean if set, add an epilogue (hard-coded). Default is off. This chapter describes a developing environment using Nokia Toolkit instead of test_http_server program. You cannot use a real phone for testing a push server. Sending random messages to a phone does not work, because its only feedback (if it works properly) in error situations is dropping the offending message. Nokia Toolkit, instead, displays push headers, decompiles tokenized documents and outputs debugging information. It is not, of course, a carbon copy of a real phone. But it is still useful for checking spec conformance of push servers. Toolkit runs on Windows, the first thing you must is to install a virtual machine (VMWare is one possibility) in the machine where Kannel runs. Then you must configure Toolkit for working with a push gateway. Then start bearerbox and wapbox similar way as told before. You must set the correct client address in the push document send by test_ppg program. Use IP address of our virtual machine (easiest way to get this is to ping your virtual machine name in the dos prompt window). Your bearer is in this case IP. An example pap document follows: <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE pap PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD PAP//EN" "http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/pap_1.0.dtd"> <pap> <push-message push-id="9fjeo39jf084@pi.com" deliver-before-timestamp="2001-09-28T06:45:00Z" deliver-after-timestamp="2001-02-28T06:45:00Z" progress-notes-requested="false"> <address address-value="WAPPUSH=192.168.214.1/TYPE=IPV4@ppg.carrier.com"/> <quality-of-service priority="low" delivery-method="unconfirmed" </quality-of-service> </push-message> </pap> Note address-value format. It is contains type and value, because PAP protocol supports different address formats. You must use test_ppg's -a and -c flags when pushing messages to Toolkit. -A defines the client application handling pushes, right value for it is ua. -C defines the content type of your push message. SI works with all Toolkits, wml only with some older versions. When testing HTTPS connection to PPG, you probably want use test_ppg's configuration file, because number of required parameters is quite high. Here is a example test_ppg configuration file: group = test-ppg retries = 2 pi-ssl = yes ssl-client-certkey-file = /etc/kannel/certkey.pem group = configuration push-url = https://localhost:8900/wappush pap-file = /etc/kannel/ipnoqos.txt content-file = /etc/kannel/si.txt username = foo password = bar With a configuration file, you can do a push by typing: test/test_ppg -q [configuration_file] Directive Value Description group test_ppg Mandatory parameter. Start of test_ppg's core group. retries number The client tries to log in to PPG number times before discarding the push request. Default is 2. pi-ssl boolean Mandatory parameter for HTTPS connection. Does the client use HTTPS connection. Default is no. ssl-client-certkey-file filename Mandatory parameter for HTTPS connection. File containing the client's ssl certificate and private key. ssl-trusted-ca-file filename Mandatory parameter for HTTPS connection.This file contains the certificates test_ppg is willing to trust. If this directive is not set, certificates are not validated and HTTPS would not be tested. group configuration Mandatory parameter. Start of test_ppg's test group. push-url url Mandatory value. URL locating PPG's services. pap-file filename Mandatory value. File containing pap request's control document. content-file filename Mandatory value. File containing pap request's content document. username string Mandatory value. PPG service user's username. password string Mandatory value. PPG service user's password. This appendix explains how to set up a dial-up line in Linux for use with the Kannel WAP gateway. In order for it to work you need a Linux kernel with PPP capabilities. Most distributions provides PPP kernel support by default. For more information how to compile PPP support into the kernel please read the "Linux Kernel HOWTO" at http://www.linuxdoc.org/. This section explains how to set up a dial-up line with an analog modem. Download and install the mgetty package. rpm -ivh mgetty-VERSION-rpm To run mgetty as a daemon, add the following line to /etc/inittab. Read man inittab for more detailed information. In this example we assume your modem is connected to the serial port ttyS0 (COM 1). S0:2345:respawn:/sbin/mgetty ttyS0 -x 6 -D /dev/ttyS0 We need to start the pppd automatically when mgetty receives an AutoPPP request. Add the next line to /etc/mgetty+sendfax/login.config /AutoPPP/ - - /usr/sbin/pppd file /etc/ppp/options.server In /etc/mgetty+sendfax/mgetty.config you might need to change the connect speed between the computer and the modem. Note: this is not the connect speed between the WAP client and the server modem. If you are e.g. going to use a Nokia 7110 as the server side modem you need to change the speed to 19200. Usually you can just leave the speed to the default value (38400). speed 38400 Add the following lines to /etc/ppp/options.server refuse-chap require-pap lock modem crtscts passive 192.168.1.10:192.168.1.20 debug In /etc/ppp/pap-secrets add the username and password for the ppp account. The IP address is the one assigned to the phone. wapuser * wappswd 192.168.0.20 Configure your phone (this example is for Nokia 7110) homepage http:/yourhost/hello.wml connection type continuous connection security off bearer data dial up number (your phone number) ip address (IP of host running bearerbox) auth type normal data call type analogue data call speed 9600 username wapuser password wappswd This section needs to be written Note: this is not intended to be an introduction to regular expressions (short: regex) but a description of their application within Kannel. For general information regarding regexes please refer to . This section describes the regex-configuration parameters and their effects in combination with the respective non-regex-parameter, e.g. white-list and white-list-regex. examples, short syntax, what happens on errors Regex-parameters are configured just as every other parameter is configured. Regular expressions are supported as defined by POSIX Extended Regular Expressions. Suppose a configuration where only SMS messages originating from a sender using a number with a prefix of "040", "050", "070" or "090" are accepted. Without regexes the configuration would read allowed-prefix="040;050;070;090" Using regular expressions yields a more concise configuration allowed-prefix-regex=^0[4579]0 The following table gives an overview over some regex-operators and their meaning, the POSIX Regular Expressions manual page (regex(7)). Once again, the extended regex-syntax is used and the table is just meant as a means to give a quick-start to regular expressions, the next section features some more complex examples. Operator Meaning | or, for example "dog|hog" matches dog or hog. {number,number} repetition, for example "a{2,5}" matches - among others - "aa", "aaa" and "baaaaad" * shorthand for {0,} ? shorthand for {0,1} + shorthand for {1,} [] bracket expression, defines a class of possible single character matches. For example "[hb]og" matches "hog" and "bog". If the expression starts with ^ then the class is negated, e.g. "[^hb]og" does not match "hog" and "bog" but matches for example "dog". () groups patterns, e.g. "[hb]o(g|ld)" matches "hog", "hold", "bog", "bold" [:class:] A character class such as digit, space etc. See wctype(3) for details. ^ Start of line anchor. $ End of line anchor. The advantages of regular expressions are at hand Regexes are easier to understand, if one is fluent in POSIX Regular Expressions. Although simple expressions as shown above should be clear to everyone who has ever used a standard UN*X shell. Regexes are easier to maintain. Suppose the example above needed to cope with dozens of different prefixes each with subtle differences, in such cases using a - carefully constructed - regular expression could help to keep things in apple pie order. Furthermore regexes help reducing redundancy within the configuration. Regexes more flexible than standard parameters. Nevertheless, it must be mentioned that - in addition to the overhead involved - complexity is an issue, too. Although the syntactic correctness of each used regular expression is ensured (see below) the semantic correctness cannot be automatically proofed. Expressions that are not compilable, which means they are not valid POSIX regexes, force Kannel to panic with a message like (note the missing "]") ERROR: gwlib/regex.c:106: gw_regex_comp_real: regex compilation `[hbo(g|ld)' failed: Invalid regular expression (Called from gw/urltrans.c:987:create_onetrans.) PANIC: Could not compile pattern '[hbo(g|ld)' As shown the erroneous pattern is reported in the error message. Using the regex and non-regex version of a parameter at the same time should be done with caution. Both are combined in a boolean-or sense, for example white-list=01234 white-list-regex=^5(23)?$ implies that a number is accepted either if it is "01234", "5" or "523" - note the use of anchors! The same goes for all the other parameters, thus both mechanisms can be used without problems in parallel, but care should be taken that the implications are understood and wanted. While there is some overhead involved, the actual performance degradation is negligible. At startup - e.g. when the configuration files are parsed - the regular expressions are pre-compiled and stored in the pre-compiled fashion, thus future comparisons involve executing the expression on some string only. To be on the sure side, before using regexes extensively some benchmarking should be performed, to verify that the loss of performance is acceptable. This section discusses some simple scenarios and potential solutions based on regexes. The examples are not meant to be comprehensive but rather informative. The bearerbox must only accept SMS messages from three costumers. The first costumer uses numbers that always start with "0824" the second one uses numbers that start with either "0123" and end in "314" or start with "0882" and end in "666". The third costumer uses numbers starting with "0167" and ending in a number between "30" and "57". Important in this and in the following examples is the use of anchors, otherwise a "string contains" semantic instead of a "string is equal" semantic would be used. group=core ... white-list-regex=^((0824[0-9]+)|(0123[0-9]+314)|(0882[0-9]+666)|(0167[0-9]+([34][0-9]|5[0-7])))$ ... Only SMS messages originating from certain SMSCs (smsc-id is either "foo", "bar" or "blah") are preferably forwarded to this smsc. Furthermore all SMSCs with an id containing "vodafone" must never be forwarded to the smsc. Not the missing anchors around "vodafone". group=smsc ... preferred-smsc-id-regex=^(foo|bar|blah)$ denied-prefix-regex=vodafone ... Please note that there are a mandatory keyword and an optional keyword-regex fields. That means that service selection can be simplified as in the following example. Suppose that some Web-content should be delivered to the mobile. Different costumers use the same service but they rely on different keywords. Whenever a sms-service is requested, Kannel first checks whether a regex has been defined, if not a literal match based on keyword is performed. If a regex is configured then the literal match is never tried. group=sms-service ... keyword=web_service keyword-regex=^(data|www|text|net)$ get-url=http://someserver.net/getContent.jsp ... This appendix describes the log file format. 2001-01-01 12:00:00 Sent SMS [SMSC:smsc] [SVC:sms] [from:12345] [to:67890] [flags:0:1:0:0:0] [msg:11:Hello World] [udh:0] Variable Value Description Date 2001-01-01 12:00:00 Date Result Sent SMS Result: Send, failed, DLR (deliver report), Received, etc. SMSC smsc Smsc id (smsc-id) defined in configuration group smsc SVC sms Service name (name) defined in configuration group sendsms-user from 12345 Sender to 67890 Recipient Flags 0:1:0:0:0 Flags: MClass, Coding, MWI, Compress, DLRMask Message Text 11:Hello World Size of message and message dump (in text or hex if it's binary) User Data Header 0: Size of UDH and UDH Hex dump If Kannel is configured so that the bearerbox, wapbox and/or smsbox log to file each of these log files will continue to grow unless administered in some way (this is specially true if access logs are created and/or the log level is set to debug). A typical way of administering log files is to 'rotate' the logs on a regular basis using a tool such as logrotate. A sample logrotate script (to be added to /etc/logrotate.d) is shown below. In this example the Kannel log files found in /var/log/kannel are rotated and compressed daily over 365 days. See the documentation for logrotate for more details. Of particular note however is the postrotate command, this killall -HUP issues a HUP command to each Kannel box running. The HUP signal has the effect of reopening the log file, without this command Kannel will continue to write to the rotated log file. /var/log/kannel/*.log { daily missingok rotate 365 compress delaycompress notifempty create 640 kannel adm sharedscripts postrotate killall -HUP bearerbox smsbox wapbox || true > /dev/null 2> /dev/null endscript } MO Mobile Originated - a SMS from mobile to application MT Mobile Terminated - a SMS from application to mobile MWI Message Waiting Indicator (See ) MClass Message Class (See ) Coding Message Coding (See ) http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616.html Request for Comments: 2616 The Internet Society 1999 http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/latest/Rel-5/23_series/23038-500.zip ... 3GPP ? http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/latest/Rel-5/23_series/23040-530.zip ... 3GPP ? GNU 1998